Classical and Operant Conditioning QUESTION ONE Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011). Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011). Contrasting the two, operant was first described by an American psychologist while classical conditioning was described by a Russian psychologist. Another key dissimilarity involves the kinds of behaviors that are conditional (Weseley, McEntarffer, & McEntarffer, 2010). Whilst classical conditioning is based on automatic and involuntary behaviors, operant conditioning focuses on intentional behaviors. Operant conditioning focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors while classical conditioning specializes on involuntary and automatic behaviors. Classical conditioning involves placing a conditional stimulus which is a impartial signal prior to a reflex whi... ... middle of paper ... ...ional in controlling visceral responses like heartbeat, intestinal contractions and dilation of blood vessels. This can be helpful in treating people with high blood pressure. References Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Kalat, J. W. (2011). Introduction to psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Nevid, J. S. (2012). Essentials of psychology: Concepts and applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Nevid, J. S. (2013). Psychology: Concepts and applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Weiten, W. (2012). Psychology: Themes and variations. Belmont, Calif: Cengage/Wadsworth. Weseley, A., McEntarffer, R., & McEntarffer, R. (2010). AP® psychology. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's Educational Series.
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Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
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The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
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Operant conditioning was found by B. F Skinner who believed in changing behaviour with the use of positive and negative reinforcement (McLeod, 2007). This conditioning was founded by Skinner after he wanted to discover the behaviour pattern of animals with the use of ‘Skinner boxes’ which would dish out food and electric shocks to which he believed it could be applied to human behaviour (NIU, 2014). This conditioning can be related to the rewarding
2011, p281). Regardless of their differences or similarities however, both have played an important part in the study of learning. With operant conditioning allowing to condition more complex behaviours that can be done with classical conditioning, and with classical conditioning being what helped discover operant conditioning in the first place, it can be argued here that the two are complementary. Indeed, one cannot speak of operant conditioning without mentioning classical conditioning, and vice
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed., pp. 271-273). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
Classical conditioning is a learning process with two stimulus and one stimulus is eventually changed by an outside source. Operant Conditioning is getting a person to behave the way you want them to. The difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical conditioning is an unconscious pairing, but operant conditioning is a choice.
Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is modified by its consequences (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013). In operant conditioning, learning is produced through rewards and punishments. Reoccurrence of a behavior is determined if rewards or punishments follow the behavior. There are four consequences produced by operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement; positive and negative punishment. A reinforcement is classified as something that increases behavior; A punishment is classified as something that decreases behavior. The addition of a stimulus is what makes a consequence positive and on the other hand, the removal of a stimulus is what makes a consequence negative (Powell et al., 2013).