Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. (2001). Media influence and body image in 8–11-year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on Multidimensional Media Influence Scale. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 29(1), 37-44. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(200101)29:1<37::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-G The study conducted was conducted to measure the risk adolescents during the development of their body image and eating disturbances. A 3-point Likert scale was used among the one hundred and ninety six participants ranging from ages 8 years and 8 months to 11 years and 10 months. Two pilot studies were conducted in this study, to adjust the scales for the adolescent participants in a clear concise way for them to understand, and to be sure student participants were not fatigued from a plentiful survey. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the reliability of the three subscales. The results indicated there was a significant difference in body dissatisfaction and media influence between the two genders in the study. The females in the study indicated there was a significant difference between body awareness and body dissatisfaction, while males had no significant difference. Both groups however indicated there was a correlation between the pressure of the media influencing body dissatisfaction. The discussion indicated there should be a larger sample of participants as well as specifically measuring the influence of media on clinical symptoms. Murray, T., & Lewis, V. (2014). Gender-role conflict and men’s body satisfaction: The moderating role of age. Psychology Of Men & Masculinity, 15(1), 40-48. doi:10.1037/a0030959 The literature in used for this study identified there was a gender role conflict because there is an image for men to be masculine in Wes... ... middle of paper ... ...G Murray, T., & Lewis, V. (2014). Gender-role conflict and men’s body satisfaction: The moderating role of age. Psychology Of Men & Masculinity, 15(1), 40-48. doi:10.1037/a0030959 Francisco, R., Narciso, I., & Alarcão, M. (2013). Parental influences on elite aesthetic athletes’ body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Journal Of Child And Family Studies, 22(8), 1082-1091. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9670-5 Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., & Owen, C. (2009). Comparing the health burden of eating-disordered behavior and overweight in women. Journal Of Women's Health, 18(7), 1081-1089. doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1174 Mond, J., Myers, T., Crosby, R., Hay, P., & Mitchell, J. (2008). 'Excessive exercise' and eating-disordered behaviour in young adult women: Further evidence from a primary care sample. European Eating Disorders Review, 16(3), 215-221. doi:10.1002/erv.855
Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2006). Media exposure, current and future body ideals, and disordered eating among preadolescent girls: A longitudinal panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 146-156.
Worsnop, R. L. (1992, December 18). Eating disorders . CQ Researcher, 2, 1097-1120. Retrieved from http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/
The complications that accompany body image have long been an issue in society. Body image is the sense of how an individual views his or her own body as compared to others in society, or what is considered to be the ideal body image. There are many different factors that effect ones body image, but a major influence is the media. The media has long been associated with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where an individual participates in self-starvation, and bulimia is an eating disorder where an individual will eat as much as he or she wishes and then purges the previously eaten food. These are two destructive eating disorders that are associated with a negative body image. This comes to question, does media have an influence on creating a negative body image, which may inherently lead to eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia? Anorexia nervosa and bulimia affect various age groups but is extremely common in adolescence and emerging adulthood. During this stage in an individual’s lifespan there is a lot going on with ones psychological development as well as body. How an adolescent views his or her body image be highly impacted by how the media portrays what the ideal body image is. According to Berger (2015), “as might be expected from a developmental perspective, healthy eating begins with childhood habits and family routines” (p.415). If proper eating habits are not implemented negative body image and eating disorders that are associated with media becomes further predominant in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
Notably, distorted body image is a significant risk factor to various other negative outcomes in teenage girls, such as low self-esteem (Frost and McKelvie, 2004), depression (Paxton et al., 2006), and eating disorders (Cash, Melnyk and Hrabosky, 2004). According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2015), 12.5% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States experience depression and 2.7% of teens from 13-18 years old face an eating disorder, but most do not receive the treatment they need (Merikangas et al., 2010). The ubiquity of clinical disorders as is evident from these statistics is an alarming state that needs to be addressed. Therefore, it is paramount that proactive action is taken by all parties involved in order to rectify this
Derenne, Jennifer L., and Eugene V. Beresin. "Body Image, Media, and Eating Disorders." Academic Psychiatry 30. June (2006): 257-61. Web. 23 Mar. 2011.
National Eating Disorder Association (2012). The Impact of Media Images on Body Image and Behaviors: A Summary of the Scientific Evidence. Retrieved from: http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/uploads/file/The%20Impact%20of%20Media%20Images%20on%20Body%20Image%20and%20Behaviours%206%20Nov%281%29.pdf
O’Dea, J. (1995). Body image and nutritional status among adolescents and adults. Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, 25, 56-67.
One day 6 year-old Taylor came home from school and asked her mother, “Mommy, why is my tummy so fat?... A girl in the bathroom at school asked me why I was fat"(Canning and Wynn 1). The article “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Years-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction” by Levina Clark and Marika Tiggermann tells us that is been said that adolescence is the point when it is most likely for body dissatisfaction to arise, but a growing amount of research suggest that it may develop earlier during childhood. Many studies have shown body dissatisfaction in girls as young as six years old (628).Stephanie Hanes article, “Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect”, says The University of Central Florida did a poll and found the 50 percent of 3-6 year old girls worry that they are fat (482-483). The percentage of preadolescence girls who desire a thinner body size is between 28 to 55 percent. With this body dissatisfaction at a young age it can lead to dieting and related behaviors that are risk facts for chronic body image problems, weights cycling, obesity, and eating disorders. To contribute to this dissatisfaction of ones body there are many influences such as media and peers (Clark and Tiggermann 629). The way body image is portrayed in the media and influences from peers it is having a negative effect on young girls and they are are starting to have body dissatisfaction at younger ages.
One major issue that continues to arise from the influence of media on children in our society is issues with eating disorders. According to National Eating Disorders, 80% of Americans watch television for over three hours daily (Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders). Being exposed to this much media daily exposes young kids and adolescents to skewed ideas of beauty and skewed standards of body image. Children and Adolescents are also constantly exposed to these images through advertising online, on billboards, in magazines, on transportation, etc. The images we see in the media are not even physically possible without the help of photo-shopping. Because of this, many kids and adolescents try to achieve the same appearance and end up developing eating disorders. An ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute shows that 40% of girls 9 and 10 years old have tried to lose weight (Teen Health and Media). Girls ages 9 and 10 years old should not even be remotely worried about their weight, yet being exposed to constant media in today’s society has led to severe body image issues. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated disorders, 8 million people in the US have an eating disorder, 90% of those are women, and they usually begin in teens but may begin as early as 8 years old. (Teen Health and Media). These
M.D. “Body Image: A Clouded Reality”. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self Knowledge 2.2 (2004): 58-65 pg. Web. 18 Nov 2013.
A series of questionnaires was used to investigate mass media influence, body dissatisfaction, physical appearance, sociocultural attitudes and self-esteem. Likewise, a questionnaire was used to assess disordered eating behaviors/attitudes. The main finding was that female and male adolescents with disordered eating showed an increased exposure to TV and magazine sections related to body image, specifically regarding music video channels, in comparison with those without eating disorders. Nevertheless, findings indicate that media exposure was different to some degree between males and females with disordered eating behavior. Males with disordered eating behaviors and attitudes were associated with higher TV and magazine exposure to health sections and also greater body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin-ideal and social and appearance comparison. In females, disordered eating was associated with higher TV and magazine exposure to dieting, fashion and sport sections, greater body dissatisfaction, internalization and awareness of the thin-ideal and lower
Watzlawik, M. (2009). When a Man Thinks He Has Female Traits Constructing Femininity and Masculinity: Methodological Potentials and Limitations. Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 43(2), 126-137. doi: 10.1007/s12124-008-9085-4
Body image and body change methods in adolescent boys and Role of parents, friends, and the media contributed a number of statistics to this facet. Of the participants from this study, 20% contributed a negative effect to the media with statements such as “I think I have a lot of work to do,” with 12.5% stating that it [media] promoted less eating in order to lose weight and slim down. It also showed that 37.5% of participants felt they were being pushed to go to the gym (Ricciardelli, et al.) The individuals in this study were ages 12-15, showing that the media has a strong effect on adolescent males as well as
Frederick, D. A., Forbes, G. B., & Berezovskaya, A. (2008). Female Body Dissatisfaction and Perceptions of the Attractive Female Body in Ghana, the Ukraine, and the United States. Psihologijske Teme / Psychological Topics, 17(2), 203-219.
Tiggeman, Marika. “Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification.” American Psychological Association 37. 2(Mar 2001): 1-253. ProQuest. Web. 12/20/2013