Recently, there is a revival of interest in the use of plants as the only source of food and medicine. According to Elless et al. (2000), it is known that plants are the abundant sources of bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant nutrients. It is now broadly accepted that certain classes of plant-based compounds such as dietary fiber, phenolic acids, flavonoids, vitamins, and antimicrobial agents and neuropharmacological agents play preventive role against diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2007). Over the past few decades, scientific evidence of pharmalogical and nutraceutical activities of medicinal herbs such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities has been established (Edris et al., 2007).
Ndukwe et al. (2005) noted that efforts of scientists in establishing plants with promising antimicrobial activity were yielding fruitful results.The plants are available and cheaper than conventional drug (Owhe-Ureghe et al., 2010). One of such plants is Citrus aurantifolia (Lime fruit) which is the second most important citrus fruit in both fresh consumption and industrial uses and it is the fifth largest crop in harvested area worldwide (Pourmartazavi and Hajimirsadeghi, 2007).
Jones (1995) stated that C. aurantifolia belongs to the Rutaceae family which comprising of 160 genera and 1650 species. C. aurantifolia is a polyembryonic species with the fruit surface smooth, greenish-yellowish in color and thin skinned, core solid at maturity and highly acidic with nice smell. It is now mostly located in hot subtropical and tropical regions such as Southern Florida in USA, India, Mexico, Egypt and West Indies (Morton, 1987).
C. aurantifolia is also popular in he...
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...ing on better methods on extraction of C. aurantifolia essential oil to related problem research such as antimicrobial activities. Besides that, it serves as comparative purpose where oil is contrasted with other (s) for quality control or investigation for adulteration, to discover new components, or to characterise the classes of components found.
1.4 Objectives of Study
The objectives of this research are:
I. Extract essential oil from fruits in C. aurantifolia by hydrodistillation and
steam distillation methods.
II. Compare the yield and percentage composition of essential oil in fruits of C.
aurantifolia by using hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods.
III. Analyze and determine the chemical constituents of the essential oil of C.
aurantifolia by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
Citrus fruit are not just used for fresh fruit and juice. It has many other uses. One is in jellies and in other preserves. Preserves include marmalades and crystallized fruits. A by-product of citrus production is ...
Cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths in US and other developed countries. On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. It can be treated with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies etc., but all these have side effects and that is why botanical treatment turns useful.
The popularity of essential oils is growing rapidly. Numerous consumers declare their effectiveness. Conversely, others question whether they are effective at all. We will look at a brief description and history of essential oils, followed by an introduction of benefits and problems associated with the oils to have a better understanding of the debate.
Jalali-Heravi, M., Zekavat, B. and Sereshti, H. (2007) Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with resolution methods to characterize the essential oil components of Iranian cumin and caraway. J Chromatogr A, 1143, 215-26.
Essential oil is one of the natural products that are used by humans for a long time ago. This oil is extracted from various plants which contain a variety of essences that produce difference fragrant. Clarke (2002) defines essential oils as the “volatile product that is extracted by a physical process from single natural plant species and that has an odors and the composition characteristic of an essential oil from that species” (pp. 86-87). Essential oil is extracted by the dry distillation process or wet distillation process. Nowadays, essential oil is commercialized for multiple purposes. The four major uses of essential oil are cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and aromatherapy (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
"Mina." Garlic is the Natural Antibiotic . MINA Health & Fitness, n.d. Web. 1 Dec 2013.
Research methodology Isolation of essential oil with the help of Clevenger apparatus and determine the acid, saponification value antimicrobial activity and antioxidant property.
The genus Citrus includes a wide variety of plant species that are rich in mineral salts and vitamin C (Costa, et al., 2014). They are the most widespread arboreal plants in the world and represent one of the most important crops in the world across 130 countries (Starrantino, 1994). In this case, orange is the most cultivated fruit, followed by lemon, lime, grapefruit and pomelo (Ruberto, 2002). These citrus plants have many functions and usually consumed fresh or transformed into juice, jam, desserts, sauce, or essential oils.
For essential oil extraction, dry plant materials of rosemary distilled within 24 h in a steam distiller with an aqueous phase recycling system, using a plant material: water ratio of 2:1. The distillation time was about 2 h, and the oil obtained was separated from the aqueous solution and dried by treating with anhydrous Na2SO4. Each essential oil was transferred into a dark glass flask filled to the top and kept at a temperature of 4 °C until used (Meepagala et al., 2002). Also for mucilage extraction, Cactus stems were removed skin and cubed (1 cm3). Samples were homogenised (20% w/v) in distilled water. The slurry was centrifuge for 10 min at 4,500 rpm and the supernatant precipitated in ethanol and finally dried (Sáenz et al., 1992).
Kamias belongs to the kingdom of plants. It belongs to the subkingdom of vascular plants. Seed plants are their superdivision while their division is flowering plants. Dicotyledonae is their class and Rosidae is their subclass. It is in the order of oxalidales. They belong to the family of Oxalidaceae and have a genius of Averrhoa. It belongs to the species of Bilimbi L. .
Herbal remedies’ qualities are widespread availability, lower cost, effective for chronic conditions. Herbal remedies are the use of plants or plant extract to treat a person’ overall health. Herbal treatments are prominent for developing countries for instance, “in Africa up to 90% and in India 70% of the population depend on traditional medicine to help meet their health care needs” (Wachtel-Galor & Benzie, 2011), due to their low cost and availability. Herbal remedies have gained attention in the past decades, and expanding their uses due to the increased interest of natural therapies (Wachtel-Galor & Benzie, 2011). Herbs used on the remedies grow in the wild throughout the world, therefore making it easy to
Furthermore, terpenes which is the most characteristic constituents of lime essential oil tends to be both volatile and thermolabile and may be easily oxidized or hydrolysed under different conditions such as during production or unstable storage conditions (Scott, 2005). For example, the major flavor components of lime oil such as citral which is a naturally occurring aliphatic aldehyde of the terpene series and limonene which is classified as cyclic terpenes can easily undergo chemical degradation which will lead to the loss of flavor and the formation of undesirable off-flavours (Djordjevic et al.,
The freshly squeezed citrus juices of Lemon,lime and orange were analysed through titration over the period of 2 weeks. Initially the lime juice was found to be slightly more acidic than the other juices followed by lemon juice and then orange juice since it is known that usually lime is more acidic than lemon and orange. It was hypothesised that the acidity of each juice will increase or decrease after the period of two weeks depending upon the sugar content of that citrus fruit that the juice is extracted from. The acidity of the juice with the highest sugar level will gradually increase over the period of time since sugar contribute to the the fermentation of the citrus juice to lactic acid. The hypothesis was shown to be correct;however
Herbal medicine, Is the use of natural herbs and plants for the treatment or prevention of diseases, disorders and the promotion of good health. An herb is a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, aromatic or savory qualities. Herb plants produce and contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body. Medicinal plants and herbs have been used by our forefathers for many centuries. This knowledge was passed on from generation to generation. In the past few years, a renewed interest on this natural method of treatment arose not