Chloromethane, more commonly referred to as methyl chloride, is an organic compound categorized as a haloalkane functional group. Functional groups are atoms that control how the molecule will react with other molecues. Haloalkane functional groups consist of a carbon atom with four single bonds and one of the bonds in occupied by an element in the Halogen family; in this case chlorine. The structural formula is CH3Cl. This formula effects some of the physical properties which include the boiling point to be -22.22°C and the melting point to be -97.7°C. Other physical properties consist of a faint sweet smell, colorless gas, and it is soluble in water. One type of reaction that produces chloromethane is a photochemical reaction. Photochemical reactions occur because light shines down upon the reaction and provides the heat and energy required to start the reaction. When the light comes into contact with diatomic chlorine, the reactions begins; Cl2 → 2Cl●. A free radical reaction follows. Free radical reactions are reactions that involve free radicals. Free radicals are singular atoms or molecules that have one unbonded electron, which is denoted with a ●, or dot, next to the element or molecule. The second step commences when one of the original radical chlorine atoms combines with methane to create a radical methyl group and hydrochloric acid; CH4 + Cl● → CH3● + H Cl. The radical methyl group then becomes an intermediate when it becomes a product along with diatomic chlorine to finally produce chloromethane and a radical chlorine;CH3● + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl●. Methylation takes place during this third step in the photochemical process also. Methylation is the addition or subtraction, in this case addition, of a methyl group into a re... ... middle of paper ... ...Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved January 02, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tritium Vinyl chloride. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved December 31, 2013, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vinyl chloride Wechsler, J., & Lane, M. (1983). U.S. Patent No. 4,370,272. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Witcoff, H. A., Reuben, B. G., & Plotkin, J. S. (2012). 12.2.1 Chloromethane. In H. A. Witcoff, B. G. Reuben, & J. S. Plotkin (Authors), Industrial Organic Chemicals. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=-xPAJHRqSSgC&pg=PT295&lpg=PT295&dq=how+is+chloromethane+used+to+make+silicone&source=bl&ots=WRvMLQN8EI&sig=BkKBwH0uXUDlItH2pCzhotW6wNc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Y4fEUp_gD8bP2wXUpIGICw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=how%20is%20chloromethane%20used%20to%20make%20silicone&f=false
The compound that is formed is 17alpha-propiolic acid which is reduced to the lactone. Then the solution is oxidized and treated with thioacetic acid and chloranil that finally create spironolactone, also known as 17-hydroxy-7α-mercapto-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid γ-lactone acetate (6). Spironolactone has a melting point of 198 degrees Celsius to 207 degrees Celsius. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in benzene, ethyl acetate, and alcohol. The solubility of Spironolactone increases with increasing polarity of the solvent. The IR spectrum of spironolactone shows a conjugate carbonyl group and a lactone carbonyl present in the structure
Lyman, Kenneth E.. (n.d.). COLLAPSIBLE VEHICLE STEERING COLUMN - Google Patent Search. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www.google.com/patents?id=tCpwAAAAEBAJ&zoom=4&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
Crandall, Abbey, and Daniel Green. "Chicago Inventions." Chicago World's Fair. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013.
This procedure takes place in an oven called an HCl burner and produces a chemically pure hydrochloric acid that is stored as a concentrated solution (about 30% HCl) and is the purest hydrochloric acid commercially produced. It is chemically possible to produce up to 40% HCl but this solution evaporates a too fast a rate for it to be used for commercial use. However, this method accounts for only 10% of all hydrochloric acid production. Most hydrochloric acid, especially the more diluted solutions, are made as the by-product of creations of PVC plastics. PVC plastics creation use a process called chlorinated and fluorinated. Chlorinated happens when chlorine molecule (Cl2) replace hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon (R−H) (a type of Haloalkanes) whereupon the released hydrogen atom recombines with the spare atom from the chlorine molecule to form Hydrogen chloride
In his situation, Mr. Euglena waits for the sun to get higher in the sky because he needs enough sun light to convert into energy in photosynthesis. The light reaction is the first stage of photosynthesis which requires light. With the sunlight, four pigments in his chloroplasts absorb the sunlight. These four pigments are carotenes, xanthophylls I and II, and chlorophyll b. These pigments will then convert the sunlight to chemical energy, which then transfers to chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a then splits six water molecules (6 H2O) into twelve hydrogen atoms (12 H) and three oxygen molecules (3 O2). The coenzyme NADP then holds the product of twelve hydrogen atoms (12 H) as 6 NADPH2 to carry to the next process. The three oxygen molecules (3 O2) are then released into the air as a byproduct. The light reaction must happen a second time in order for the second phase of photosynthesis, the dark reaction, to occur. The same cycle of the light reaction then takes place. The result of two lig...
The process of photosynthesis is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the process in which cells transform energy in the form of light from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds and gaseous oxygen (See Equation Below). In photosynthesis, water is oxidized to gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose. Furthermore, photosynthesis is an anabolic process, or in other words is a metabolism that is associated with the construction of large molecules such as glucose. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps: light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane and use the energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH2. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and consumes ATP and NADPH2 to reduce carbon dioxide to a sugar.
The late sixties were a time filled with sex, drugs, and rock and roll. A huge part of American culture at the time was focused around these three things. Musicians possessed a tremendous amount of social influence, and like wise, society put a lot of emphasis on the lives and attitudes of musicians. Of the rock groups from this time period, the Beatles were by far the most influential. The British rock group was probably the most catalytic band in rock and roll history. Although they came together in the shadow of the Beatles, another band of that era was Jefferson Airplane. Jefferson Airplane was deemed the first of the San Francisco psychedelic rock groups. Jefferson Airplane was always considered to be a psychedelic rock group, but it was not until later in their existence that the Beatles fell into this category as well. Both groups earned this title for their creative style of rock as well as for their experimentation with drugs. Each of these groups wrote songs that alluded to drug use at one time or another. Two of the most criticized songs from these bands are Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles, and White Rabbit by Jefferson Airplane. White Rabbit is a song latent with drug references. The connection with drugs in Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds is not as clear. Although John Lennon claims that he had no intention of making references to LSD in his song, the abstract lyrics and metaphoric language invite drug connotation. Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds and White Rabbit mirror each other in their association with LSD and their allusions to Alice in Wonderland, but looking into these songs more deeply it is obvious that both artists were writing about escape; escaping reality.
Miller, Henry. "GEN Exclusives." GEN. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. , 15 Mar. 2008. Web. 1
An element in chemistry is more than just an element; at least Chlorine is more than just an element. It is very useful in many ways that help people today. Chlorine is a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; it is a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; it is used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt. People should know more about the uses of chlorine and why chlorine is used in many processes, for example; bleaching, and why we use it today. Everything has to start somewhere, and chlorine was produced many years ago.
The first stage is the light dependent reaction(it was called the light reaction), and the chloroplast traps light energy and changes it into chemical energy which is (NADPH) and (ATP), these are two molecules used in the second stage of photosynthesis. In the second stage, this is called the light-independent reaction (it was called the dark reaction), NADPH gives the hydrogen atoms to help form glucose, and ATP gives the energy for reactions used to make glucose. The stages are literal meaning of photosynthesis, to build with light. In the light-dependent reaction photosynthesis depend on the energy flow started by light energy. Electrons are small particles that move in a specific orbit around the nuclei of atoms and have a small electrical charge. Light energy causes the electrons in chlorophyll and other light-trapping pigments to increase up and out of orbit; the electrons automatically fall back into place, releasing energy, or vibrating energy, as they go, all in millionths of a
Silicone has become a popular product to help many manufacturers produce multiple goods. It is even used for medical purposes.
Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate arrow calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water. HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) arrow CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Things that affect the reaction rate of this experiment are: 1. The temperature of the hydrochloric acid. 2.
Photosynthesis is a process in plants that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in bonds of sugar. The process occurs in the chloroplasts, using chlorophyll. Photosynthesis takes place in green leaves. Glucose is made from the raw materials, carbon dioxide, water, light energy and oxygen is given off as a waste product. In these light-dependent reactions, energy is used to split electrons from suitable substances such as water, producing oxygen. In plants, sugars are produced by a later sequence of light-independent reactions called th...
And the light – independent reaction takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts carbon dioxide molecules [ CO2 ] are needed during this stage of photosynthesis . CO2 is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger molecules , Energy from the light –dependent reactions is used in the reactions . A molecule of a simple sugar is formed . The sugar, usually glucose [ C6H12O6 ] , Stores some of the energy that was captured from sunlight . In the light – independent reactions there is a series of chemical reactions called the Calvin cycle , the Calvin cycle is when the carbon dioxide [ CO6 ] enters the light independent stage of the photosynthesis and the six carbon dioxide [ C06 ] splits into two groups of three carbon dioxide [ 2CO3 ] . there are to groups of molecules called photosystems photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 , in photosystem 2 chlorophyll and other light - absorbing molecules in the thylakoid membrane absorb energy from sunlight . energy is absorbed from sunlight , water molecules are broken - down , hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane . chlorophyll and other molecule in the thylakoid absorb energy from sunlight and the high energy electrons move from the chlorophyll and enter and electron transport chain . The enzymes brake – down water [ H2O ] molecules hydrogen ions [ H+ ] and the oxygen [ O2 ] is release as waste the electrons from
1. The labels have fallen off of three bottles thought to contain hydrochloric acid, or sodium chloride solution, or sodium hydroxide solution. Describe a simple experiment which would allow you to determine which bottle contains which solution.