Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders are available as dispersions and powders. These nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, anti-corrosive, antifungal and UV filtering properties. Zinc is a Block D, Period 4 element while Oxygen is a Block P, Period 2 element. Some of the synonyms of zinc oxide nanoparticles are oxydatum, zinci oxicum, permanent white, ketozinc and oxozinc.
Chemical Properties
The chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles are as per the table below.
Chemical Data
Chemical symbol ZnO
CAS No 1314-13-2
Group Zinc 12
Oxygen 16
Electronic configuration Zinc [Ar] 3d10 4s2
Oxygen [He] 2s2 2p4
Chemical Composition
Element Content (%)
Zinc 80.34
Oxygen 19.6
Physical Properties
The table given below highlights the physical properties of
Advantages of Chemical Synthesis
Chemical synthesis is one of the most important techniques which can be done by using a range of precursors and different conditions like temperature, time, concentration of reactants, and so forth. Morphological differences in size and geometries of resulting nanoparticles are due to change or variation in these parameters.
Different chemical methods used for the synthesis of ZnO NPs are listed below. Chemical Reaction of Zinc Metal with Alcohol
Mostly alcoholic media like ethanol, methanol, or propanol are used for chemical synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. For this type of synthesis 5 mg of zinc metal powder is added to 10 mL of ethanol. Further this reaction mixture is sonicated for 20 minutes and transferred into a stainless steel autoclave and sealed under inert conditions. The reaction mixture is heated slowly (2°C to 200°C per minute) and maintained at this temperature for 24 to 48 hours. The obtained suspension will then be centrifuged to retrieve the product, washed, and then finally vacuum dried. Growth of oxide particles is slow and controllable in alcoholic media [U. Koch, A. Fojtik, et al,
Then these solutions are transferred into Teflon lined sealed stainless steel autoclaves where they are maintained at various temperatures in the range of 100–200°C for 6 to 12 hours under autogenous pressure. The resulting white solid product is washed with methanol, filtered, and air dried in a laboratory oven at 60°C. Then the characterization of synthesized samples will be done to determine their structures by X-ray diffraction technique [C.Y.Lee et al,
Cu (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3(aq)
They have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume. This enables them to interact with different types of biological systems and provides a wide variety of possibilities (Nuruzatulifah, Nizam, & Ain, 2015). The nanoparticles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When there is one nanoparticle, it is called a primary particle. When there is more than one, it is called a secondary particle. In order to measure these particles, they need to be suspended in a solution (Pruneanu, Coros & Pogacean, 2015). Dyed nanoparticles or internally fluorescent nanoparticles barely interact with cellular proteins which is what the study requires. They are also quite easy to manipulate. They can be easily internalized into cells and can be programmed to go to specific sites (Wolbeis,
Methyl benzoate (0.20 ml), Sulfuric acid (0.45 mL of 18 M), and a spin vane was added to a 5 mL conical vial. An air condenser is attached and clamped to allow proper stirring. A second ice bath was made to hold a 3-ml conical vial of Sulfuric acid (0.15 ml of 18M), and Nitric acid (0.15 ml of 16M). This was added dropwise at two and half minutes per drop to the 5 mL conical vial. This was done slowly so as not to produce TNT. Once completed, the 5 mL vial containing the solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature and sat for 15 minutes undisturbed. Two grams of ice was placed in a 30 mL beaker in which the solution was poured over it. The solution was rinsed with cold water and suction filtered when the ice was melted. The crystals were washed with cold water (2 - 1.0 mL), and methanol (0.3 mL). The product was recrystallized using methanol and allowed to dry. The final beige crystals were weighed, and tested for quality.
The purpose of this lab was to figure out how much energy and weight from the dart was needed to puncture the plastic film, or causing it to fail. Molecularly, the lab was testing to see if there was enough weight to break the bonds that make up the plastic film. Physically, if the energy and weight was powerful enough, then this would create a hole in the plastic film upon contact with the dart. The critical parts of this machine were the “O” ring and the weights. During this lab it was important the the “O” ring was functioning properly. This meaning that the “O” ring could hold the plastic film taut in order to accurately determine how much energy was needed to tear the film. Also, the weights were important because the weights were crucial
[24] Chen PC, Mwakwari SC, Oyelere AK. Gold nanoparticles: from nanomedicine to nanosensing. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2008; 1: 45–66.
By using strong oxidizing agent, oxygenated functionalities are introduced in the graphite structure which not only expand the layer separation, but also makes the material hydrophilic. Hydrophilic mean that they can be dispersed in water. This properties has enable graphite oxide to be exfoliated in water by using sonification, ultimately producing single and few layer of graphene that has been known as graphene oxide. The properties of graphene oxide is its easy dispersability in water and other organic solvents, as well as in the different matrixes due to the presence of the oxygen functionality (Jesus de La Fuente., 2011).
I have used the work that Jana et al. conducted regarding a batch process synthesis of silver nanowires as a basis for generation of our silver nanowires. I will use a solution based process that is cost effective, quick, and easy to control for the uniform synthesis of silver nanowires and other silver nanoparticles. Microreactor-assisted nanomaterial de...
Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13212−13215). First, 20 mL nanopure water (18.2 MΩ) was boiled with a constant stirring in a 25 mL RB flask fitted with condenser. 778 µL of 3.8 mM H2PtCl4.6H2O (chloroplatinic acid) was added to the boiling water. After 1 minute, 244 µL of solution containing 38 mM trisodium citrate and 2.6 mM citric acid was injected at once into the solution. Without further waiting, 122 µL of 21 mM sodium borohydride solution was mixed into the boiling solution. Within 10-60 s colorless solution turned into blackish solution showing the evidence of formation of citrate capped ~4 nm size platinum seed particles. This method is a standard protocol to prepare seed platinum nanoparticles, therefore, these NPs were used without
Just what is it that makes up nanotechnology? Atoms and molocules are so small they invented new word to describe them, “nano”, which is a greek prefix meaning dwarf. “In 1981, the development of a powerful microscope allowed people to visualize the nanoscale on metals. Called the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the microscope magnifies images of the shapes of atoms on the metal's surface.” (Nelson) Manufacturers create ultrafine nanoparticles from common compounds like carbon, silver and titanium dioxide. They can change strength, produce a desired color or even create an antibacterial effect.
“Nearly every parents surveyed (94%) says they expect their child to attend college” (Source F). Although there are complications regarding college it is worth attending because of the vast benefits it bestows upon an individual.
Do you feel sleepy during the day, these are some ways to stop feeling like that. Napping during the day can give you a short term boost and it could make you feel good for the rest of the day. Also if you sleep well you can remain alert and awake and your body can also be healthier. A last way is by taking a 24 minute nap can improve your mental performance. Napping and Sleeping during the day can help you have better health, mental state, and it could make you not feel as tired as you would usually feel.
Nanoparticles are at the best side of the quickly progressing area of nanotechnology. The potential for Nanoparticles in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping are endless with novel new programs consistently being investigated. Multi-purpose Nanoparticles play a very important part in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping. The papers best parts the newest success and progression in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping. Cancer has a physical obstacle like common endothelial pores, heterogeneous framework, heterogeneous movement etc. For treatments to be effective, it is very important to get over these restrictions. Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of professionals because of their versatile individuality. The treatments of cancer malignancy using focused or focused pharmaceutical shipping. Various Nanodevices can be used without any side effects. They mainly include Dendrimers, quantum dots (QDs), cantilevers, Nanotubes, Nanopores, Nanoshells and Eco-friendly Hydrogels.
Thickett, Geoffrey. Chemistry 2: HSC course. N/A ed. Vol. 1. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2006. 94-108. 1 vols. Print.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
Nanoparticles are being introduced in food in order to change the texture, flavor, and color of food, in addition to offering benefits in food safety and enhancing the health benefits of food.