The prokaryotic pleomorphic coccobacillus Yersinia pestis is part of the genus Yersinia which is part of the family Enterobacteriacaie (Cleri, et al., 1) and the order Enterobacteriales, and the class Gammaproteobacteria, and the phylum Proteobacteria, and the kingdom Bacteria. The Enterobacteriacaie family is also called enteric bacteria (Bauman, 631). Enteric bacteria are usually found in the intestinal microbiota of animals and humans (Bauman, 631). Some members of this family have peritrichous flagella or noticeable capsules or only a loose slime layer (Bauman, 631). All members of the enteric bacteria family are Gram- negative, oxidase negative, and metabolize nitrate to nitrate (Bauman, 632). Yersinia species are Gram- negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming bacilli or coccobacilli (Rollins, Rollins, and Ryan, 3). The genus Yersinia comprises of the species including Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis (Bauman, 640). All three species are able to attach to human cells after the type III secretion system injects virulent proteins that trigger apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils (Bauman, 640). Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are enteric pathogens that require the consumption of food or water that has been contaminated by animal fecal waste (Bauman, 640). Y pestis must use a flea as an infected vector in order to transmit virulent proteins to humans (Bauman, 640). Unlike the other subspecies of Yersinia, Y. pestis is capsulated with a cellular envelope at 33 degrees Celsius (Rollins, Rollins, and Ryan, 4). Studies of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis DNA have shown 90% similarities and 99.7 resemblance in their 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) (Rollins, Rollins, and Ryan, 4). Y. pesti... ... middle of paper ... ...odel and discovered another method to of Y. pestis transmission they were authentic to the research by stating that biofilms were crucial to the maintenance of Y. pestis. Perhaps if biofilms were not needed then it would be more distinct why species of fleas that do not develop biofilm blockages are able to act as vectors of Y. pestis. The article was very informative about how fleas are able to contract Y. pestis and transmit it to humans. Through reading the article I realized the importance of biofilms and that without the formation of blockages that occur due to biofilms Y. pestis would not be able to survive. The article mainly focused on the transmission of the bacteria and did not include many background details about the disease. I had to rely on my research in order to discover information about the bacteria itself and how and why it is so fatal to humans.
...indole, it is motile, there is no urease present and there is no coagulase activity. By deduction and logical reasoning Unknown 10a was determined to be Escherichia coli.
2.Jarret C. et al Transmisson of Yersinia Pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector. Journal of Infectious Disease (2004) v 190 I4 p783
“Plague Prevention and Control.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .
In the beginning, the Italian town of Genoa was one of the busiest ports in Europe. Ships sailed from there to trade all over the Mediterranean Sea. In October of 1347, 12 merchant ships sailed from Caffa to Italy. A strange disease had infected the crew of these ships. Dying bodies lay aboard the ships. City officials, afraid that the disease might spread, issued an order that no person or piece of merchandise was to leave the ships. They even forbade medical treatment for the sick sailors and passengers. The disease still spread. The officials had not considered that the rats from the ships were able to leave the ships by crawling along the ropes that were tied to the ships. From Italy, the disease spread all over Europe, traveling along the major trade routes. The rats were responsible for carrying the disease, which was transmitted by fleas from infected rats. The fleas drank the rats' blood that carried the bacteria. The bacteria multiplied in the flea's gut. While the fleas gut was clogged with bacteria, the flea bit the human and regurgitated blood into the wound.
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
Lyme borreliosis or Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick –borne illness caused by a group of bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi, that are transmitted to humans following a bite from an infected ticks of the lxodes ricinus species complex (Steere et al, 2004) Tick bites often go unnoticed and can remain feeding on one for many days before going off. In United States all of the Lyme disease are caused by B. burgdorferisensu lato. In Europe and parts of Asia, B. garinii and B. afzelii are common than B. burgdorferi.The principal tick vector in the northeast and north central of the United States is Ixodes scapularis, and in the costal northwest Ixodes pacficus is the principal host reservoir. (Steere et al, 2004). This infection is the most common tick-borne disease in North America and Europe. (NHS, 2013) and parts of Asia (Strle et al 2006).19, 931 cases of Lyme Disease reported in 2006, to the Centres for Disease and Control and Prevention in the United State (CDC) producing an incident rate of about 6.7 per 100,000. However Lyme disease has been reported across many of the continental United States, almost 95% of the cases are from Mil-Atlantic, North central Region and 10 States of the Northeast, where the average incidence is 31.6 per 100,000.
The Black Death was associated with three types of plague, which were all caused by Yersinia Pestis. The bubonic plague had a mortality rate of 80 percent. It was “spread through the bite of a flea” (The Black Death, 23). The most noticeable symptom is swelling of the lymph nodes. After the outbreak of the symptoms, death would occur within three to six days. Yet, ten to forty percent of people affected by the bubonic plague would recover. The second type was the pneumonic plague and it had a mortality rate of 90% to 95%. The pneumonic plague it is transferred by “respiratory fluids” (The Black Death, 23). The plague kills its victims in a period of two to three days. The third type is the septicemic plague and it had a mortality rate of nearly 100%. This plague “spread through a direct invasion or poisoning of the blood” (The Black Death,
flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't
The Black Death is now known to be spread by a flea. However, this flea was not the cause as it was the bacterium which lay in the stomach of the flea. This bacterium’s scientific name is Yersinia pestis. The main host of the flea is a rat, scientifically called Rattus rattus. Humans caught the disease because when the rats bred rapidly, it would lead to a population invasion. When the rat died, the flea would have to find another warm-blooded host to feed on, and next to them are humans. The flea bites the human and infects them. The unhygienic living conditions in the Middle Ages led to a faster spread of the disease, as a result creating a better environment for rats to live in. The lack of knowledge in the fourteenth century led to even worse remedies.
Discoveries about the plaque are still happening today. The latest discovery in 2011, states that the pathogen held accountable for the plaque was Yersinia pestis bacterium. Yersinia pestis is a anaerobic bacterium and a infectious disease affecting human beings as well as other creatures. The bacteria affects the rodent first, then a flea bites the affected rodent, when the flea is infected it jumps onto a person, and bites them. When the person is bitten they become infected (The Black Death).
Lyme Disease is the most commonly reported vector borne illness in the United States. In a fifteen year span the annual count of lyme disease increased by 101%, in which 93% of all reported cases came from 10 states in the northeast and Midwest (Bacon, Kugeler & Mean). Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through bitten by infected ticks (CDC data 2013). In the early 1900’s doctors in Europe discovered a disease pattern that created redness and rashes that were associated with tick bites. In the 1970s children in the United States specifically in the region of Lyme, Connecticut were developing these rashes and other symptoms associated with the bacteria found in Europe. The condition was called Lyme disease and the Borrelia burgdorferi that was associated with the new disease was found in the intestines of the vector, the adult deer tick. After the naming of the condition the number of cases increased tremendously. (Bratton, Whiteside, Hovan, Engle & Edwards 2008).
horrible disease was spread by infected rats and fleas and killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the
A biofilm is a layer consisting of various combinations of many different organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic. They are dense, organized communities of cells, encased in a self-produced slime. The bacteria grow together in water like atmospheres, attaching to a solid surface, forming a small ecosystem. Biofilms are known as a micro-environment, a micro-habitat, or a slime matrix. They help decompose dead organisms and recycle carbon and nutrients.
Adult fleas can cause medical problems including flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), tapeworms, secondary skin irritations and, in extreme cases, anemia. Some people may have a severe reaction, such as a general rash or inflammation, which can result in secondary infections caused by scratching the irritated skin area. Fleas may transmit bu...
The name of the creature responsible is Yersinia Pestinis (Clones). The pathogen travels from person to person pneumonically (Black Death). This sickness can even effect animals such as cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens. A large amount of sheep died, so many died that there was a European wool shortage (History).