Cervical cancer is one cancer which can be prevented in our world today. Women need to know what causes cervical cancer along with the signs and symptoms to look for. The Pap smear screening is the test which can find cervical cancer. It is a cancer to which age does not really matter. Most women are in the menopausal phase of life when this cancer occurs. This cancer does not care about age because it does affect younger women. “Cervical Cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide” (Adegoke, Kulasingam &Virnig, 2012). There are several aspects of cervical cancer that females need information about. First they need to know the risk factors and what kinds of cervical cancer there are. They also need to know the screenings they should be getting and the treatments that are available when positive screening is diagnosed. Some of the risk factors are an abnormal Pap, HPV infection, cigarette smoking, low SES, obesity, long term use of oral contraceptive and becoming sexually active at an early age. An abnormal Pap is one of the first signs that a woman has something wrong. Women need to make sure that they go to their gynecologist. HPV strains which cause cervical cancer can be 16, 18, 31, and 45. The strains can come from having unprotected sex or being a young person having sex with more than one person. “Early cervical cancer rarely produce any symptoms. If symptoms are present, they may go unnoticed as thin watery vaginal discharge often noticed after intercourse or douching. When symptoms such as discharge, irregular bleeding, or pain or bleeding after sexual intercourse occur, the disease may be advanced. Advanced disease should not occur if all women have access to gynecologic care and avail themselves of it. In... ... middle of paper ... ... Wilkins. Frazier, M. S., & Drymkowski, J. W. (2013). Essentials of human diseases and conditions. (5th ed., pp. 630-632). St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. Nelson, W., Moser, R. P., Gaffey, A., & Waldron, W. (2009). Adherence to cervical cancer screening guidelines for u.s. women aged 25-64: Data from the 2005 health information national trends survey (hints). Journal of women's health, 18(11), 1759-1768. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1430 Cooper, C. P. P., Polonec, L., & Gelb, C. A. (2011). Women's knowledge and awareness of gynecologic cancer: a multisite qualitative study in the united states. Journal of Women's Health, 20(4), 517-524. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2765 Adegoke, O., Kulasingam, S., & Virnig, B. (2012). Cervical cancer trends in the united states: a35-year population-based analysis. Journal of Women's Health, 21(10), 1031-1037. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3385
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22441230.
What is the human papillomavirus (HPV)? According to the US government’s National Cancer Institute, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a collection of more than one hundred viruses, many types having the ability to grow tumors or polyps that are malignant and others benign. Certain of the viruses are capable of forming genital warts. The HPVs that cause the common warts on hands and feet are different from those that cause growth in the throat or genital area (Human Papillomavirus). Professors Joe Cummins and Dr. Mae-Wan Ho inform us that some types are associated with cancer, and are called “high risk” HPVs. Of the more than one hundred types of HPVs, over thirty can be passed on through sexual contact. Most HPV infections occur without any symptoms and go away without treatment over the course of a few years. However, HPV infection sometimes persists for many years, with or without causing detectable cell abnormalities. Infection from “High risk” types of HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer. Pap smears have also led to earlier detection of these infections. Nearly all women who are sexually active will have HPV inf...
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
Adams, Heather P., and Erica L. Carnright. "HPV Infection And Cervical Cancer Prevention." Clinician Reviews 23.9 (2013): 42-50. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
... U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
Colon cancer develops in the part of the gastrointestinal tract that absorbs water and minerals before waste products are disposed via the rectum. In women endometrial cancer is related to colon cancer. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States. Over one-hundred fifty thousand individuals will be diagnosed this year and this cancer will probably be responsible for about 47,900 deaths in 1999 (http://www.cancer.org). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop from the glandular cells. Ninety percent of all colon cancer cases will develop in individuals after 50 years of age. Ninety percent of all tumors arise from polyps that are commonly found in people older than 50. Prevention includes regular exercise and a diet high in fiber. The most important risk factor is age. Medical screening includes a yearly blood occult test after age 50 and a colonoscopy every 3 years after age 50. Regular screening detects polyps that have become precancerous. If regular screening is not done, the cancer is not detected until blood is found in the...
Cervical cancer is formed in the tissues of the cervix, an organ that connects the uterus and the vagina. Virtually all cervical cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (Schiffman et. al., 2007). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. According to the CDC, 75% of sexually active people aged 15-49 have the infection at some point in their lives. (CDC). Because HPV infection is usually asymptomatic, infected people do not know exactly when they get the infection. In most cases, the body is able to fight off the virus before any symptom. However, health problems such as genital warts and cancer may result with persistent exposure to HPV.
Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/7920.cfm
U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
World Health Organization, 3 September 2007. Web. The Web. The Web. 4 Apr 2011.
Almost 263,020 oral cavity cancers, and 127,654 oral cancer deaths occur worldwide each year1. On January 1, 2010, in the US there were approximately 275,193 women and men alive who had a history of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (181,084 men and 94,109 women)2. The 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades3. Individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer (OC) are mainly older, males, heavy users of alcohol and tobacco, and have a poor diet and low socioeconomic status4, 5. Recent studies have implicated HPV infection as an independent risk factor for oro-pharyngeal cancers6, 7. For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of HPV remains controversial8.
The exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown, but there are many risk factors that lead to what causes this cancer to grow rapidly, killing off thousands of women each yea. Endometrial cancer is usually found in women in the ages of 50s or 60s. Women, who are obese, fifty pounds over their ideal weight, are ten times greater at risk than women that are not obese. Body fat produces estrogen and the higher level of estrogen is believed to increase the risk of cancer. This is believed because women with excess fat have higher levels of estrogen. Women that have not been pregnant are at three time’s higher risk. Women who have their p...
Ed. David Zieve. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. The Web.