Cellulite is a condition of adipose origin in which adipose tissue protrudes through the dermis causing an ‘orange peel’ or ‘cottage cheese’ type dimpling of skin seen most commonly on the thighs and buttocks of many post-pubertal women. The initial changes leading to cellulite formation appear to be deterioration of the capillary network, vascular changes and abnormal deposits of glycosaminoglycans, leading to excess fluid retention within subcutaneous tissues. A variety of treatments ranging from topical creams to laser therapies are currently available, claiming to reduce the dimpled skin appearance however successful results are often anecdotal, subjective or not present at all.
Cellulite can be primarily found in any area of the body that contains subcutaneous adipose tissue such as the upper outer thighs, the posterior thighs, abdominal region and buttocks. It is mainly a female phenomenon, seen in 85 – 98% of women which may be due to genderspecific differences in the structure of subcutaneous fat of men and women according to Nurnberger and Muller. Their findings suggest that cellulite originates in the areolar layer where fat cellsare arranged perpendicular to the dermis in females, weakening the connective tissue and allowing for fat herniation. By contrast, the smaller fat lobules in males are compartmentalized by septae that are oriented in an oblique fashion, preventing herniation of fat into the dermis resulting in a smooth, rather than dimpled cutaneous surface.
Other theories suggest that cellulite is a degradation process initiated by deterioration of the dermal vasculature. Deposition of excessive fat is stored in fat cells or adipocytes in the fibrillary network of the connective tissue between the superficial d...
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... however the reduction in cellulite grading was not measured.This study fails to control extraneous variables such as the patient’s diet and exercise regime in between treatments and the manevoures used by the experimenter that could conflict with loss in body circumference results. No control group was used in the study, decreasing validity of the results. Whilst endermologie technology is designed to improve subcutaneous fat distribution and lymphatic drainage, there is no study in the literature about these techniques and comparison of their effects on cellulite formation and fat mass.
In the study of Monteux and Lafontan, they demonstrated how endermologie could stimulate blood flow changes thus reducing body circumferences and skin-fold measurement however subsequent studies are needed to confirm the effects on lipid mobilization in subcutaneous fat deposits.
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
There are numerous causes for the formation of cellulite and equally numerous are the treatments that you can choose from.
The interplay between insulin and adipogenesis can be seen in humans when it comes to obesity and weight gain. The fat tissue is pivotal in directing insulin affectability and hazard for diabetes through its lipid stockpiling limit endocrine capacities. Subcutaneous fat tissue (SAT) stores abundance lipids through development of adipocytes (hypertrophic weight) as well as enrollment of new cells (Gustafson, Hedjazifar, Gogg, Hammarstedt & Smith, 2015). As adipocytes expand, one form of adipose tissue called white adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess lipids and could lead to hypertrophic obesity; further demonstrating that insulin has a connection in fatty tissue buildup and later health risks in
Abdominoplasty surgery includes two categories. Complete and partial or mini-abdominoplasty. Patients who need most of the correction are recommended for Complete abdominoplasty. Patients who require small incisions and whose fat deposits are located just below the navel are treated with mini-tummy tucks. Traditional tummy tuck makes use of surgical means to resolve these problems. However, post operation shows some side effects such as long recovery period and risk of tummy tuck scars. A type of non-surgical tummy tuck used is laser tummy tuck surgery. The advantages of laser tummy tuck procedure includes shorter recovery period, absence of tummy tuck scars, and ability to reach areas where it is impossible for traditional tummy tuck procedure to reach.
She also says that if you exercise the wrong way, you can make this situation even worse and make belly fat impossible to get rid of. Is this just another gimmick in the diet industry, or is this something that all women over the age of 35 need to know? We decided to do a My Bikini Belly review to find out.
Liposuction is also known as lipoplasty and liposculpture and is the most popular form of cosmetic surgery performed in the United States. Liposuction has been a means of contouring the body in one or more areas for the past twenty years. This surgery is mostly performed on women, but among men and older people, the surgery has become more popular. Also, this surgery has been classified as the rich person’s surgery (Pavlovich-Danis, 2001, p. 1). Liposuction begins by the surgeon making tiny incisions throughout the areas where the liposuction is going to be performed. Then the surgeon takes the cannula, narrow tube, and vacuums out the fat layer deep beneath the skin. The cannula then breaks up the fat cells by being pulled continuously back and forth throughout the skin. The broken up pieces of fat are then suctioned up by the cannula. The fat that is taken out is replaced by fluid, so that the patient does not go into shock ("New Image," 2001, p.2). Even after this surgery, the results are not guaranteed.
To begin, the principal method of measurement of the human body fat is the body-mass index (BMI) which is related to the weight and height values to obtain an average (Renneboog, 2014, para.6). The author still states that “these arbitrary designations do not take into account individual characteristics such as body shape or natural muscularity, nor do they apply to children or seniors” (Renneboog, 2014, para.6). However, BMI not always is accurate and presents some limitations in measurement of body fat, sometimes classifying people as obese when in fact they are not. Since BMI is not 100% trustable it is acceptable that “this is one factor which requires more attention in the use of the term “overweight” and “obese”” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.10). Accordingly to Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, “BMI has been used in numerous medical studies, but even the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States realizes its limitations to directly measure body fat or muscle”. Finally, “it is accepted that the most accurate way to measure body fat is to weigh a person underwater or in a chamber that displaces air” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.3). According to this same author, “there is another accurate test to measure human body fat, which is called the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) test, uses X-rays to measure body fat” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.3). The author
Weight loss, in the perspective of medicine, health, or physical fitness, is a decrease of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bones mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. It can occur unintentionally due to an underlying disease or can arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. The search for the ideal weight loss operation began more than 50 years ago because exercise and diet alone is apparently ineffective in treating people with extreme and excessive obesity. Surgical pioneers expanded modern procedures that at first produced malabsorption then constrained volume intake, and finally combined both systems. Discrepancies, adjustments, and revisions of these innovative procedures, joint with concentrated efforts to go after and file results, have led to the growth and progress of modern bariatric surgery. More current research has the hormonal and metabolic effects of these procedures as the central point of view. Such discoveries at the cellular level will help widen the potential machine of weight loss and co morbidity reduction beyond the customary justification of reduced food consumption and malabsorption.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated condition that involves the endocrine system. Research have shown that it is a condition that is often present in women of reproductive ages, its main cause is not fully understood, but researcher have speculate that it is mainly a result from factors such as obesity, excessive insulin production and genetics. Women with this condition often present with excess androgen production, irregular periods, and polycystic ovaries-enlarged ovaries which contain fluid. Because of the excessive androgen production ovulation problems, acne, excessive body, facial hair (Hirsutism), baldness and increased obesity occur (Legro, Arslanian, Ehrmann, Hoeger, Murad, Pasquali, & Welt, 2013). Another entity that is present with PCOS is abnormally
The onset of obesity is believed to stem from multiple causes, both physiological and environmental. An example of a cause of obesity might include the lack of exercise, however in this review I will foc...
Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).
Obesity is a physiological condition characterised by an excessive accumulation of body fat, specifically the build-up of adipose tissue beneath the skin. In recent years, the number of people diagnosed with clinical obesity has increased dramatically, with governments desperately trying to tackle the obesity epidemic and its associated consequences (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008). Studies have found that the prevalence of obesity once stood at an estimated 9.8% (Kelly, Yang, Chen, Reynolds & He, 2008), a considerable figure representing almost 400 million individuals worldwide. Even though obesity has now been recognised as a major problem the number of people affected is increasing rapidly, with almost 300,000 deaths attributable to obesity in the USA each year (Allison, Fontaine, Manson, Stevens, & VanItallie, 1999). Excessive amounts of fat can prove dangerous as the condition has a very high comorbidity rate with other long term health issues such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and cancer (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). Numerous examples of media, medical journals and educational literature concerning obesity refer to the condition as a disease, with an increasing use of the word ‘Epidemic’ to describe the somewhat recent surge of obesity cases in western societies (Boero, 2007), however there is little material available that offers evidence for obesity meeting specification for disease. Instead it has been proposed that obesity is alternatively a risk factor for developing other potentially harmful diseases, influenced by a variety of other factors i.e. genetics, cultural ideals and biological impairments.
Obesity is a problem of current magnitude in many technologically advanced countries and is becoming an increasing concern in developing countries, which have traditionally dealt with the problems of lack of nutrition. Obesity is a critical health problem for the reason that it’s a severe health issue, increased death risk, and associated social, psychological and economic costs goes with being obese. Globally obesity has doubled since 1980, 1.9 billion adults are overweight, out that 600 million adults are obese as of 2014 (Obesity and overweight, 2014). The past decade has seen a surge in the number of weight loss or Bariatric surgery done. The use of weight loss surgery is considered to be the most efficient way to treat obesity
The skin folds for triceps, iliac crest, and thigh are 21mm, 34 mm, and 19mm respectably, giving a sum of 74 mm. Using the sum of skin folds (mm) and current age (19), the percent body fat...
Obesity is defined as having excess adipose tissue. Adipose tissues main role is to store energy for the body in the form of fat. When determining the amount of adipose tissue there are many different methods, Body Mass Index (BMI) being the most common one. Body mass index is calculated by taking a person’s weight in kilograms and dividing in by their height in meters squared (“What is Obesity”). It is shown that being obese is dangerous because “excess adiposity or obesity causes increased levels of circulating fatty acids and inflammation. This can lead to insulin resistance, which in turn can lead to type 2 diabetes” (“What is Obesity”). From type 2 diabetes to high cholesterol, hypertension, gallstones, heart disease, fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, GERD, stress incontinence, heart failure, to birth defects and miscarriages, asthma and other respiratory conditions, and even numerous cancers, people who are obese are much more at risk for these than individuals who are not obese. This disease has gradually increased since the 1960’s and currently affects more than one third of all U.S. adults. Almost 12.7 million children in the U.S. are considered obese (“Childhood Obesity Facts”). The number of diseases and health defects that being obese can lead to is alarming. Obesity is a serious issue in America that affects too many