Human body is composed of four kinds of tissues. Connective tissue is one of them which include blood, bone, cartilage and lymphatic tissue. Among these connective tissues cartilage provide flexibility and elasticity to the body. In the neonatal stage almost all the connective tissues that become bone will be cartilages. Later on in life those cartilages get calcified and form bones. There are three types of cartilages; they are Elastic cartilage, Hyaline cartilage and fibro cartilage. Elastic cartilages provide flexibility and elasticity. They are mainly located in outer ear, larynx and epiglottis. Hyaline cartilage gives a translucent and glass like appearance as its name indicates (Hyaline – glassy). Hyaline cartilage functions as a support and as a shock absorber. These hyaline cartilages mainly located in ventral end of ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchi and articular surface of bone. Fibrocartilage provides flexibility and toughness. Fibrocartilages are located in pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs. Although cartilages are small composition in the body mass they are vital part in the locomotion and stability of the body.
Since cartilages are very important, deterioration can affect the movement of the body tremendously. Aging is one of the main reasons to the deterioration of the cartilage. When people age some of their normal cartilage also become calcified and rigid this affects the flexibility of the joints. Not only that but also decrease in the production of proteins that form these cartilages can also contribute to the decay of cartilage. Sports related injuries also damage the wellbeing of the cartilage. Any injury in knee, arm or vertebral column may damage the cartilages in the surrounding areas. Although aging o...
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...taches the artificial cartilage. Before the products go into market tissue engineers also should test the life expectancy, side effects and any kinds of substance that will hinder the composition of the artificial cartilage like antibodies. One of the characteristics that differentiate an engineer from a scientist that engineer’s work is not only to invent something new but also to make that affordable to people. In that sense Tissue engineers have the duty to make these artificial cartilages affordable to people. It may take long time because they have to make it possible and then move on to affordable. Although there are numerous problems involved with the production of artificial cartilage, like all the science triumphs we made artificial cartilage can be a possible, reliable and affordable solution to the problem that we have ahead.
No obvious boundaries are observed between the two distinct materials, tendon and bone. Type I collagen and tenocytes are highly aligned in tendon. In uncalcified fibrocartilage, where collagen type II is of great content, along with rich type III collagen and small amount of type X collagen, decorin, and aggrecan. Similarly, with a great amount of type II collagen, the mineralized cartilage presents significant amounts of collagen type X and scarce levels of aggrecan. Note that the collagen fibers are highly aligned in the direction of tensile force in tendon but less oriented in the insertion site (Figure 2).[4, 19] Additionally, the insertion site possesses a transitional decrease in tissue organization while an increase in mineral content.[4] The complex collagen and mineralization content in this region lead the repair and rehabilitation of tendon-to-bone insertion site more
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, it affects millions of people around the world. It is also known as Degenerative Joint Disease or Degenerative Arthritis or Wear & Tear Arthritis. Osteoarthritis occurs when the protective cartilage in the joints wear down over time. While osteoarthritis can affect any joint in your body, it more often is seen in the knees, hips, hands, neck, and lower back it worsens as you grow older and has no known cure.
The system of the body that consists of bones, connective tissues, and cartilage is known as the skeletal system. Some major functions of this system are as follows:
To protect different sections of the body there are 5 types of bones that serve a specific function for the system. The first type is long bone. Long bones are hard bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. (Medicine Net) These bones are longer than they are wide and they are mainly located in the appendicular skeleton. They also consist of several sections which are Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysic, and epiphyseal plates. The diaphysis is the long central shaft. Next, Epiphysis forms into the large ends of long bones while the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis is also known as metaphysis. Lastly, epiphyseal plates are plates of cartilage that allow growth to take place during childhood years. Cartilage cell production stops when the human body stops growing and the plates eventually become replaced by bone. Flat
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
In older people, the meniscus grows weaker with age. The tissue that makes up the meniscus becomes degenerative and much easier to tear. Meniscal injuries in older people occur as a result of a fairly minor injury, even from the up and down motion of squatting. Degenerative tears of the meniscus are commonly seen as a part of the overall condition of osteoarthritis of the knee in the older population. In many cases, there is no one associated injury to the knee that leads to meniscal tears (Sutton, 1999).
There is moving joints where it allows a person to either bend or twist. However, some of the joints allow us to move in freely motion while others only allow little movement at all. There are two kinds of joints. One of the joints is called hinge joint which tolerates movements back and forth in the single direction or it connects the upper part of the body, humerus, ulna, and the lower part. A ball and socket joint is also another joint that allows for a lot of movement in all directions possible like a ball in a socket (Marieb 259). Shoulders and hips are the example of the ball and socket joint. The muscles are connected to bones by tendons, bones are connected to each other by other bones itself. Also, the bones are held together at the joint by ligaments. The ligament is like a band of tissue or the white part of the muscle. Between the joints of a bone, rubbery tissue can be found and called cartilage. Cartilage is like the cushion for the bone in which acts as a shock
Imagine requiring artificial skin subsequently to being in an accident. Artificial skin is a replacement for human skin. It functions as artificial scaffolding made of shark cartilage and cow-derived collagen, which tricks real skin to grow on the damaged area of the body. Epidermal Grafts, Sheet Grafts, and Xenografts are all skin substitutes, but are they as accomplished as artificial skin? Although artificial skin puts patients at a higher risk of immune rejection, in reality it is more efficient that any other skin substitute.
These individuals include dancers, athletes and laborers. Consequently, by the age of 70, almost everyone is suffering from this condition in some form (Bienvenue, 2009). The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with osteoarthritis (Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2015). Osteoarthritis can begin without symptoms from age 20-30 and arises from the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones within joints being broken down and worn away (Bienvenue, 2009). In addition to age, excessive stress on parts of the body, and osteoarthritis, heredity, poor posture, and nutrition may also play a part in an individual developing bone spurs (Cedars-Sinai,
Almost everyone develops osteoarthrits as they age, some get it while in their fifties and in others it does not appear until their eighties. Osteoarthritis is the most common form that affects older people; this form of the disease wears down the cartilage mostly through overuse and injury but there are other causes. This specific form of the disease causes the cartilage to break down and the bones to rub against each other. Deformity and swelling occurs because knobs of hardened bits of cartilage develop in the joint. It forms especially if a joint has been injured many times.
Some of the organ systems of the body are the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, senses, and endocrine system. They are all equally as important to the survival of the human body. The first organ system that will be discussed is the integumentary system. The main purpose of the integumentary system is protection from infection, harmful rays of the sun, and cuts. Furthermore, the organs found in the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, and oil glands. The second organ system is the skeletal system. The skeletal system is made up of a total of 206 bones, 80 bones in the axial skeleton which is the trunk and head, and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton which is the upper and lower extremities, and pelvis area. In addition, the main duties of the skeletal system are posture, aids muscles in movement, and heat production. The organs fou...
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that have similar shapes and functions. There are four main types of tissue found in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Each tissue has unique characteristics that differentiate them from one another. Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the body, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body, muscular tissue contracts to allow movement, and nervous tissue controls the organs (Hoehn & Marieb, 2007, p. 118).
The skeletal system is composed of two hundred and six bones in the human body. Functions such as the tendons, cartilage, and ligaments connect the bones and tissues together. Bone tissues make up about 18% of the weight of the human body. There are two types of tissue inside the bones. They consist of; compact bone and spongy bone. First, compact bone depicts the main shaft of long bones in the human body such as the arms and legs. Its tissue is dense and hard and it also makes up the outer layer of most bones in our body. Meanwhile, spongy bone tissue is made up of smaller plates occupied with red bone marrow. Mostly, it is found at the ends of long bones such as the head of the femur.
Tissue engineering is the study of the growth of connective tissues or cells to produce a fully functioning organs in the patient. Instead of implantation, tissue engineers make an attempt to create organs that will suit the patient without rejection from the immune system. Tissues are extracted from...
The field of regenerative medicine encompasses numerous strategies, including the use of materials and de novo generated cells, as well as various combinations thereof, to take the place of missing tissue, effectively replacing it both structurally and functionally, or to contribute to tissue healing[29]