Carbohydrates and Lipids
Unit 2: Biochemistry of Macromolecules
Humera Ishafaq Carbohydrates and Lipids
Introduction
Carbohydrates are the most numerous classes of bio-organic compounds in the biological sphere. The element forms a great percentage of the earth’s biomass, from tiny cells components to the food consumed for metabolic energy. Better understanding of carbohydrate molecules and their formations is of significance. In organic chemistry, monosaccharide’s is the simplest unit of carbohydrates represented in the Fischer projection, Haworth and the chair conformation of D-glucose. Lipids, on the other hand, are molecules made of hydrocarbons that formulate the building units of the structure and performance of living cells. Fats can be divided into two categories namely, soluble and non-soluble lipids. Examples of lipids include oils, fats, some vitamins, hormones, waxes and most proteins. The manuscript within is a
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These compounds have their structures range from linear to highly branched compounds. Examples of storage polysaccharide include, starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharide include cellulose and chitin. Cellulose is a significant polysaccharide as it is the most abundant organic compound in the world. It is made up of the sturdy cell wall that surround plant cells making plant stems, roots, leaves and branches strong. Chewing of plant produce such as salad takes a lot of time and strength due to the effect of cellulose. The rigid structure gives support to the plants position. Additionally, the active nature enables the existence of the paper, lumber and cotton fabric. It is due to this strength that cellulose is used in large number of synthetic products such as carpet thickening and agents in shampoo (Salter, Tucker, & Wiseman,
To uncover organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid, by using tests like Benedict, Lugol, Biuret and Beta Carotene. Each test was used to determine the presents of different organic molecules in substances. The substances that were tested for in each unknown sample were sugars, starches, fats, and oils. Moreover, carbohydrates are divided into two categories, simple and complex sugars. Additionally, for nonreducing sugars, according to Stanley R. Benedict, the bond is broken only by high heat to make make the molecules have a free aldehydes (Benedict). As for Lipids, there are two categories saturated and unsaturated fats. One of the difference is that saturated fats are mostly solids and have no double bond (Campbell Biology 73). The Beta Carotene test works by dissolving in a lipid, thus giving it color to make it visible. Moreover, proteins are made out of amino acids that are linked by a polypeptide bond (Campbell Biology 75). The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether an unknown class sample or food sample had any carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins in it. The expected result of the lab was that some substances would be present while other would be absent.
Family defines people making them who they are. A person's family heritage, how their parents met and married, their parents’ occupations, their siblings, and their early lives play an important role in who they are and who they become. Every family is different and has different characteristics and members, but those differences are what make every family unique. Those differences combined with my family members’ experiences and the stories they have chosen to share are what makes this story exclusive to my family.
A family can be classified as one of many things. It can be a group of people living under one roof; a group of people of common ancestry; or even a unit of a crime syndicate like the Mafia (Merriam Webster). But to Holden Caulfield, the main character of J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher In The Rye, his family was what we as a society normally think of when that word is spoken. There are always variations on a theme, but a typical family consists of two parents and at least one child. During the 1950’s when the novel is set, adoption was virtually unheard of and divorce could be considered a sin where as today these are common practices. But one thing about family that has prevailed through the decades is the family’s affect on a person’s existence. The way a person interacts with their family can affect them for the rest of their lives. And the way a family interacts with a specific person can affect that person for the rest of their life. It is a two way relationship which is often complicated and confusing, especially to Holden.
The Structure and Function of Carbohydrates Large biological molecules are called macromolecules, there are giant molecules (polymers) made up of repeating units (monomers). Carbohydrates are one of the main classes of biological molecules. Macromolecule units (monomers) are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water).
Fatty acids are constructed by a chain of various amount of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms. Fatty acids can be categorized into three groups based on the number of carbon atoms: short-fatty acids (SCFAs) ≤ C5, medium-chain fatty acids (...
Each of the three major macronutrients — proteins, fats and carb — has important and distinct roles in the body when it comes to weight management, hormonal balance, immunity, development and so on. Here are some of the most important reasons why we need each macronutrient:
For years, I have been eating what I want. Food choices are a significant factor that affects our health. What we like or crave, often, is the determining variable in what we eat. Finding the right balance of food choices is the key factor in improving our health benefits. Choosing nutrient-dense foods will provide more nutritional value than foods that are found to be low in nutrient density. Making the right choices in foods, however, is extremely difficult. Often, I find myself enthralled in the latest fad, not considering the subtext of the foods I am eating, such as nutrients, vitamins, healthy fats and unhealthy fats, cholesterol and minerals. The diet project underlined a three-day food entry intake that provided a dietary analysis report
1972 fluid mosaic model. Lipids are commonly recognized as fats, oils, wax, etc. There are three
Family as defined by Webster’s College Dictionary can be one of many different people. Family can be your parents, spouse, children, brother, sister, grandmother, uncle, any blood relative, or even people who are not blood related that share that common bond (Webster 475). My definition of family is similar to Webster’s, but I feel that there is more to it than just being a blood relative or close friend. A person’s actions, beliefs, and morals play a major role in deciding who makes it into that “family” group. Family becomes more of an idea or feeling, like love or hate, than just who a person is or where they fall in your family tree. There have been people that I have considered closer than family just by their actions, even though they were nowhere near related to me. Fortunately, I have not had any blood relation family members make me wish they were not in my “family” (maybe my older sister when we were younger, but that doesn’t count). While reading from Children and Families in our text, I came across many readings that I feel were inspired in many different ways by what the author believed was “family.” There were two readings that jumped out at me and reminded me of my view of how a family should be in their interactions with each other. They were the short story “Flight” by Doris Lessing and the poem “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes. There was also one writing that I read that went against my idea of family and made me happy that this wasn’t the way that my family acted as I grew up, that was “Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid. And while some authors lean their writing one direction or another, Adrienn...
To begin talking about how family shapes a person, it’s important to focus on Perry Smith. Smith is the only person who is shaped negatively by his family. Smith’s mother, Flo, is the first family member that negatively impacts Smith’s childhood by abandoning him. In the novel, Smith states, “it was not long afterward my mother put me to stay in a Catholic orphanage” (93). He says this after expressing to his mother he wants to live with his father, Tex. In that orphanage Smith got abused by the nuns, which only aggravates Smith and his mother’s relationship. Smith is angry and resents his mother, and the relationship with his father is not much healthier. His father makes Smith drop out of school, and becomes upset about dropping out because Smith wants to learn, but is not allowed that privilege (277). Smith is a very intelligent man, but is not permitted to reach his full potential; therefore not able to receive a well-paying job and the respect he imagines that he deserves. Smit...
Nutrients are the chemicals that humans need to live and grow. Humans obtain their nutrients from the food and water that they drink. They are used to build and repair tissues and regulate body processes and are converted to and used as energy. Lipids are a category of nutrients. Lipids consist of fats, oils, and waxes and are very important for are body’s health. Lipids are important for the human body because they are for storing energy, they’re good at storing energy because they can concentrate a group of calories in a smaller area.
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
The word “family” is often used in connection with a person’s ancestry. Most families are based on kinship. Members belong to the family through birth, marriage, or adoption. Family plays the most vital role in our daily life and family is the finest thing that you can ever desire for. It’s the family who assists their child in hardships of life and give affection no matter what happens. Human personality reflects on what his /her family status is and what their families have taught them.
If you frequent health forums or fitness blogs, you'll have read the word “macros” before. The word is short for macronutrients. That leads to the question, “what are macronutrients?”
Carbohydrates For my health project, I did carbohydrates. They are the bodies energy source. Carbohydrates supply the body with the energy it needs to function. They are found almost exclusively in plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, peas, and beans.