Cancer is defined by clinicians, as unregulated cell growth leading to the invasion of surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body. The human cell is created to replicate itself through the cell cycle. It consists of four phases, G1, S, G2, and M, which are controlled by proteins. Because there are various checkpoints in the cell cycle, usually division occurs without complications and reproduces normal cells. However, during these phases, when DNA replication occurs, mutations can happen. A mutation altering any gene that controls cell regulatory protein production can result in an uncontrollable growth of the cell known as cancer.
According to the American Cancer Society it is reported that there are over 1.6 million new cancer cases in the United States, every year. It is estimated that 7.6 million people die from cancer worldwide every year, out of which, 4 million people die prematurely (aged 30 to 69 years old). Being the second most common cause of death in the US, approximately 570,000 Americans died from some form of cancer in 2012, which is more than 1,500 people per day. Due to the wide varieties of cancer and their ability to grow and mutate quickly, research is difficult and expensive. With such large numbers of people affected by cancer, billions of dollars and insurmountable time are being invested in the research and development of cancer treatments. (“Cancer Facts & Figures 2013,” n.d.)
There is a wide range of treatments for cancer. These include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, gene-based, stem cell transplant, photodynamic, laser, targeted, blood product donation and transfusion. There are pros and cons to each type.(“Cancer Facts & Figures 2013,” n.d...
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...ation process. This prevents the release of calcium into the cell membrane, which is the next step in the B-cell activation process. It is suspected that CD22 might also incite the B-cell activation process when stimulated by other proteins. There is very little known about CD22 ‘s positive signals, so it is unclear what could trigger these types of responses. The reason CD22 inhibits B-cell activation is not entirely known. One theory is that it acts as a control preventing B-cells from being triggered by the body’s own antigens. It is also believed that CD22 plays a part in interactions between B-cells and other cells. It is known that CD22 is important to the survival of B-cells. When there is a deficit of CD22 on the surface of B-cells they tend to begin the cycle of apoptosis.(Kantarjian et al., 2012; Sullivan-Chang et al., 2013; Walker & Smith, 2008)
Because of advancements in technology and funding survival rates have increased in each patient and quality of life due to better chemotherapy and radio therapy drugs are helping millions of survivors round the world to lead a generally normal life without the risk of the cancer returning.
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.
..., while a cell undergoes cell cycle, when a cell comes in contact with another cell, it stops reproducing. However, cancer cells continue to duplicate repeatedly until there is a mass of cells or a tumor to form (see figure 9). Lastly, in cell division when there is a mutation or abnormality in the DNA, a normal cell stops dividing. However, a cancerous cell will continue to duplicate and form mutations (“Cell Biology and Cancer”). Also, cancer cells are harmful because they grow and duplicate with complete disregard to the functions and limitations of the body (see figure 10). Also, cancerous cells have the ability to spread through metastasis throughout parts of the body through the bloodstream. In terms of similar behavior to that of normal cells, cancerous cells also duplicate, but at a very different rate ("Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells: What's Different?").
I have chosen to write about the constellation Cancer (The Crab). I chose Cancer because it is one of only a handful of constellations that I am actually able to identify in the night sky. Cancer is one of the twelve Zodiac constellations; people whose birthdays fall between June 21st and July 22nd have Cancer as their sign. Cancer is the Latin word for crab, and despite the fact that the constellation looks more like a lobster then a crab, it is still referred to as a crab. The constellation is visible from the northern hemisphere from late winter to early spring.
For cancer patients there are several treatment options. Surgery can remove cancerous tumors, chemotherapy uses drugs for treatment, and radiation therapy. The doctor in charge of the patient’s treatment may also choose to use radiation therapy. “Radiation
Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage. DNA is in every cell and it directs all the cell’s actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, and the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, the cell goes on making new cells that the body doesn’t need. These new cells all have the same abnormal DNA as the first cell does.
About 12% of women in the United States will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, more than any other type of cancer (www.breastcancer.org, 2015). Many people lack the knowledge of how breast cancer is developed. Some people think they will not get cancer because they do not smoke cigarettes, but this is not the only cause of cancer developing in the breast. Anyone can get cancer. Everyone is potentially at risk for developing some form of Cancer (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Tumors are formed by the alteration of the body’s own cells. This can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation, like UV exposure, chemicals or viruses 1. These can disrupt genes that control growth and cause an increase in cell division and proliferation. Proto-oncogenes are those genes that control normal but essential cell processes that keep cell growth and death in check. Two important categories are apoptosis genes, which regulate cell death, and tumor suppressor genes, which decrease cell propagation 1 . If these genes were mutated to the point where they cannot produce a functioning protein, cell division would continue far past what it was supposed to and unhealthy cells would be allowed to live and continue to multiply. This is what creates a malignant tumor. Certain conditions in the body can also promote the growth of cancer cells. One of these is a deficiency of natural killer (NK) cells, which are able to kill cancer cells by creating a pore in the cell membrane with perforin and releasing granzymes into the cell. Low levels of perforin allow for tumor growth 1. Chronic inflammation can also ...
Healthy cells grow and divide in a way to keep your body functioning properly. But when a cell is damaged and becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide, even when new cells aren't...
"What are the treatments for cancer?." A.D.A.M. Life's Greatest Mysteries. 2001. eLibrary. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.
Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of
Cancer is a disease that affects human somatic cells. It causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form masses known as tumors. There are two different types of cancer tumors. Some tumors are benign and other tumors are malignant. Benign tumors look similar to the tissues that they came from and develop slowly. The tumor remains in the same area that the tumor originated in. Malignant tumors are formed from cells that do not resemble the tissue that they came from. They vary in shape and size. This enables pieces of the tumor to break off and spread to other places in the body. Over the past few decades cancer has become a very prominent disease. There are many different types of cancer and many different causes for the the disease. Most cancers are because of a genetic mutation. The most common type occur when a cell is dividing. Proto-oncogenes, which are alleles in a normal cells, mutate to form oncogenes. These oncogenes cause cancer because they do not allow the cells to self destruct or become epistatic. There have been several research projects which have been testing epistatis.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Tumors are then created and interfering with the digestive, nervous and circulatory systems. It is one of the most leading causes of death, reaching at about 8.2 million deaths in 2012. It is expected that cancer will rise from 14 million to 22 million within the next 2 decades. With over 100 cancer research centers in the United States studying how to treat this disease, people need to understand the importance of donating also with the awareness of signs and symptoms in the early stages. But, what are we doing about it? Do we have the technology to finally be able to put this deadly disease to an end?
Three-dimensional (3D) in-vitro cell culture is a system best in reflecting or mimicking the in vivo cancer cell behavior and its progression in cancer microenvironment (Gurski et al., 2010). As before, cancer research is depends on 2D model and the small animal test model to study on the tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis (Godugu et al., 2013). However, animal model is not an ideal for long term and large scale research although it response with the more accurate tumor environment. Besides, 3D cell culture is beneficial over 2D cell culture system as 2D model unable to completely study on the cell-cell interaction during tumor progression as 3D model does. The removal of tiny piece animal or human cancerous tissue or obtained of the cell-line is required in the 3D model in which the tissue cell will interact with the organized matrix of 3D model and express the similar cell behavior (Godugu et al., 2013). 3D model also require precise considerations on the cell density, culture surface composition, culture medium used, supplements such as growth factor, pH, serum and oxygen in which all of these may affect the cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis.