The Growth and Production of Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells exhibit the distinctive metabolisms contrary to the normal cells, not only energy production depending on aerobic glycolysis but the dysregulatedcell signaling and mechanism,the increasing of fatty acid synthesis and glutaminolysisare obviously observed.(Y Zhao et al. 2013)Simultaneously, intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms have been changed, in order to alter cellular metabolisms to meet the demand of nutrient in the rapid growth of cancer cells, commonly carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid are the essential sources for which cancer cells need to support their growth and dividing. Previous studies have pointed out the cancer metabolic phenotypes that thewarberg effect seems to be a prominent feature. Cancer cells would switch the shunt of ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis even in anaerobic condition. This effect regulated by PI3K, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), p53 and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-liver kinase B1 (LKB1) pathway. However, the adaptation to a new microenvironment as the process of cell remodeling intended to achieve the cancer cell needs both in macromolecular synthesis and maintaining redox balance. In the rapid proliferation stage, NADPH and high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS)are the key molecules distinguishing between cancer and normal cells.Importantly, the genetic alterations affecting the metabolic change commonly found the oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene mutations that influence the intracellular signaling pathways. These changes can alter the metabolism and re-engineer the process facilitating the rapid growth and survival of cancer cells through the RAS and mTORC1 pathway. (Rob A. Cairns. et al. 2001 and Chi V Dang. 2012)
Lipid, protein...

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... complex mechanisms of each type of cancer, there may be different in details and may have to find out more. It would be useful to adopt the comprehensibly approach from the melanoma modality studies to ASS-negative type of cancer which has the high prevalence cancer in Thailand, HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Beyond the complicated mechanisms of cancer cells, ADI treatment is interestingly combining with another chemotherapy in order to improve the treatment outcomes which aim to destroy the cancer synergistically. This is an interesting point to be made since cancer has changed itself to avoid the effects of the drug over time. Thereby forcing a change of cancer to apoptosis and reduce the resistance that might be occurred later on. Study intensively into these detail of mechanisms should have done in to provide a solution for cancer treatment to be successful.

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