INTRODUCTION
The project was about calculating the major and minor head losses. In the first experiment, it investigate the minor head loss through pipes of different diameter and roughness, also through elbows. The experiment was about obtaining two different pressures at point 1 and 2 so we can obtain the difference in pressure so we can calculate the friction that is also present in Darcie's equation of head loss. However, in the second experiment, the purpose was to calculate the major losses from both laminar and turbulent flow. The point was to find the friction factor that is also present in Darcie's equation. Moreover, these experiments determines several other factors like the Reynolds number which is also essential in Darcie’s equation. The friction factor was also determined using two other equations taking into consideration whether the flow is laminar or turbulent according to the calculated Reynolds number. In addition the results were summarized in a table and two graphs that show the delta H verses Re and f verses Re. The importance of this project is to obtain the results of the friction factors and to compare between the 2 consequences and see the difference and the error.
Thus in this report we will introduce the procedure of the 2 experiments and how it was done to obtain the outcome. After reading the two pressures, calculations must be done to reach our goal from calculating the velocity, the Reynolds number to reach the friction factors, assumptions may be taken to facilitate our calculation. Finally, after reaching our goals discussion and conclusion will be taken into consideration to clarify the results.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Experiment 1:
The test performed on the head loss investigation was accompl...
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...d the head loss. These values will be show in table 4.1 through 4.4 ( Appendix A).
Experiment 2:
The test performed on a laminar and turbulent flow, consist of connecting the power cable to the panel then open the valve and start the pump managing the gravity by selecting the adjusting the specific valve. After that, flow rate must be adjusted to recorded the head loss. this procedure must be repeated for many values taken. This experiment must be done through two valves V2 and V3. Like the previous experiment different pressure must be read so we can calculate the head loss ∆h and the Reynolds number Re= VD/υ ( where V is the flow velocity, D the pipe diameter and υ the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)). After obtaining the calculation, the flow must be specifies as turbulent or laminar so that the friction can be obtained. Results will be shown in table 5 ( Appendix A).
A composite hose with flanges on both ends compose the basic structure of the peristatic pump. And the discharge lines of the system and the suction are connected by the flanges. The shell contains a rotor mounted on the shaft which support its own bearing. In the casing , there are two or more pressing ‘shoes’ are fixed. The principle of the peristaltic pump is simple. As showed in the figure1. Between the rotor and the tube-bed, the tubing is relatively fixed. There are three position A,B and C which are all squeezed. The rollers-pressing shoes on the rotating rotor go through the pipe. Then the tubing is pressed continuously by the rollers just like the fingers. And the liquid in the tubing is pushed along the revolving rotor. After that the tube in the back of the roller restore the original shape as well as create a vacuum which extract the liquid behind it. Between
The results collected during this investigation were as follows: 68.4 dB for the 10 cm pipe, 69.8 dB for the 20 cm pipe, 79 dB for the 30 cm pipe, 84.2 dB for the 40 cm pipe, and 84.2 dB for the 50 cm pipe. The hypothesis states: if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase and the frequency used in this experiment remained the same, then the sound produced from the pipe will have a lower amplitude each time. According
Some presumptions were included in academic sources upon which we relied. The theoretical coefficient of drag for a three-dimensional flat-faced circular cylinder was written to have a relation to the length to diameter. The length of the Kinder egg container is measured to be 3.5±0.1 cm, while the diameter is 1.7±0.1 cm. Therefore the length to diameter ratio is 2.05. Now referring to the graph of the l/d ratio relation to Cd the theoretical drag coefficient could be deduced. The approximate value varies between 0.8 and 0.9. However, it should be pointed out that the Kinder egg container is less of a cylinder as its edges are cut. Therefore, the theoretical drag coefficient is expected to approach the lowest value, i.e. 0.8.
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Introduction to Aerodynamics Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of fluids in the gas state and bodies in motion relative to the fluid/air. In other words, the study of aerodynamics is the study of fluid dynamics specifically relating to air or the gas state of matter. When an object travels through fluid/air there are two types of flow characteristics that happen, laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is a smooth, steady flow over a smooth surface and it has little disturbance. Intuition would lead to the belief that this type of air flow would be desirable.
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
The flow resistance and the resistance of the turbine blades. The flow resistance is much smaller than in the PRR.
The fanning friction factor, fw is a function of the flow Reynolds’ number. It is required for calculating the contribution of frictional force to the momentum equation (equation (3.28)).
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the effect of flow rates on distilled water by recording its volume every second.
where p is the density of the fluid (in runner’s case: air); v is the velocity of the runner; A is the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the runner’s velocity; and D is the dimensionless quantity called the drag coefficient.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.
Above Figure 4 normalized the vertical distribution of concentration for no barrier and different barrier heights by simulated different velocity (3 m/s wind speed, following by 4.0 m/s and 5.0 m/s). At no barrier case, the vertical pressure concentration is increase when the velocity is high. In a barrier case with 6m high, the concentration increase in the vertical lofting at 0-23 Y when the velocity is high and start to decrease when it mix with the clean air above the road and start to reduce the concentration. In Figure 4c, with presence of higher roadside barrier the maximum concentration to occur on and the upper level concentration is higher with bigger velocity. However, the barrier height and absolute concentration is effect with increasing velocity.
Third, the liquid will enter to the expansion valve with the higher pressure and leaves with the low pressure.