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Measles and its impact on children
Measles and its impact on children
Causes and effects of breast cancer essay
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Being the most common cancer in the UK, breast cancer affects about 48,000 women a year, it affects mostly women over the age of 50, however younger women and in some cases even men can be affected by the disease.
Multidisciplinary team or MDT are there for cancer patients to provide them with the best possible care and treatment for each individual patient. The MDT team consists of a specialist cancer surgeon, an oncologist, a radiologist, a pathologist, a radiographer, a reconstructive surgeon and a specialist nurse. As well as these specialised people there may also be a need for an occupational therapist, dietician and a physiotherapist, this all is based upon different people’s needs and circumstances.
Doctors have to consider the following things when treating a cancer patient:
- The stage and grade of your cancer
- General health
- If you have been through the menopause
There are a few different ways you can treat breast cancer, they are as followed:
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Herceptin
- Hormonal therapies
Surgery:
Surgery isn’t always the first option that is given to patients however it is an option. Some surgeries involve removing the lymph nodes under the armpit or the doctors will do checks on them to make sure they are all as they should be. Before undergoing surgery for breast cancer doctors will find out whether or not they need to remove the whole breast or just some, this depends on the size of the cancer and how bad it is as well as its position. In some cases it is advised that women are given treatment with hormonal therapy or chemotherapy to try and shrink the cancer before undergoing surgery. There is no cure for breast cancer yet, but there are a couple of things that can reduce the ris...
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... the second dose this decreases to 1% of children who still remain at risk.
A child aged between 6 and 13 months who is exposed to the measles virus is normally given the MMR vaccination so that it protects them from developing measles. A further 2 doses should be given if the child is given the vaccine before their first birthday which should also be given at around 13 months of age and before they start school.
A child aged under 6 months who has had a mother who has had measles in the past is usually immune to the infection as the mothers protective antibodies will have been passed to the baby while in the womb.
Works Cited
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Measles/Pages/Treatment.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bulimia/Pages/Treatment.aspx http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Breast/Treatingbreastcancer/Surgery/Surgeryforbreastcancer.aspx
Cancer is one of the 9 National Health Priority Areas (NHPA), areas which account for a significant portion of the burden of disease, but have sizeable potential for improvement. In Australia, CRC is the second most common cancer, after prostate (in men) and breast cancer (in women) (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections). The incidence has gradually increased (by 13% in males from 1982-2007) (AIHW, Cancer in Australia an overview). This is compounded by the ageing population and population growth, with 14,860 new cases in 2010 (http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer). This graph demonstrates this upward trend ((AIHW, Cancer incidence projections):
These symptoms are often passed off as cold or flu, so the measles isn’t usually detected until later on. Other symptoms include:
Between Members of a Hospital-based Multidisciplinary Lung Cancer Team. European Journal of Cancer Care, 22(1), 20-31. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12004
The Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It is then followed by a rash that spreads over the body, starting first on the face along the hairline. The infectious period of measles is 4 days before rash onset through 4 days after rash onset. The measles are a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus and spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. (WHO, 2016). The measles virus can remain airborne for up to an hour after the infected person has left the area. The measles are so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the unvaccinated people close to them will become infected. Rarely can the virus be deadly. The incubation period for
At this point in time, scientists and doctors have yet to discover the specific causes for breast cancer. However, what is known are the different risk factors that may trigger or put women more at danger of acquiring this disease. Aged women who have experienced menopause are more vulnerable at containing this disease. Women are also more at risk if breast cancer is common within their family because it is hereditary. In addition, smoking and drinking are other factors that can put women at risk as well (Stephan, 2010). Obesity in particular is a huge risk factor. Women who are overweight, especially those who have a thicker upper body, are more likely to develop malignant cancers in the breast than a healthy woman (Vona-Davis and Rose, 2009).
"Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer, by Stage." Cancer.com. American Cancer Society. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. .
For cancer patients there are several treatment options. Surgery can remove cancerous tumors, chemotherapy uses drugs for treatment, and radiation therapy. The doctor in charge of the patient’s treatment may also choose to use radiation therapy. “Radiation
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Breast cancer is a disease that is frightening and can be harmful to many people, however as more time passes more is known. The thirty percent decrease in death due to breast cancer is tremendous and it is just a start. By understanding the prevention, treatment, symptoms breast cancer is a disease that can be beat.
Many studies and research projects have been carried out to find relevance between MMR and Autism. Patients with autism were found to have been harboring an increased number of antibodies to measles when a study was conducted on several patients of Autism. This study was published in medical journal researchers and it was...
The first Measles vaccination was introduced in 1963, the improved upon in 1968. During the years of 1967 and 1968, a vaccination for Mumps and Rubella was also introduced. The three vaccines were combined in 1971, and called the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Immunization Action Coalition, “Measles: Questions and Answers”). One dosage of the MMR vaccination was proven to protect about 90-95% of children, then in 1989 the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices decided to change the dose from one to two, raising the percent of children protected to about 97% (National Network for Immunization Information (NNii), “Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)”). The CDC reported that 95% percent of children receiving their first dose of the MMR vaccine between the ages of 12 months and 15 months become immune to measles, mumps, and rubella after this initial dose. Those not becoming immune after the first does become immune after the second dose given between ages four years old and six years old (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Vaccines”). Thanks to these changes made measles, mumps, and rubella have become nearly eliminated in the United States. However, to ensure that these diseases do not spread from countries not vaccinating, it is important that we continue with our current program. While the MMR vaccination is the safest way to ensure that we do not have an outbreak, the vaccination has been a source of controversy over the years. At one time, the MMR vaccine was thought to be unsafe because not only does it overwhelm your immune system, but also the vaccine contained toxic additives, and was thought to be linked to Autism. Studies have since pro...
Vaccinations are not as dangerous as people make them seem, but not getting vaccinated is. Frances Childs states that “as the number of children who have not been immunized increases, so, too, does the likelihood of measles spreading”. Immunizations work by injecting a small amount of the virus into the patient (both children and adults). The patient’s immune system then builds up antibodies to fight against the virus, thus building immunity against the disease much more effectively. Vaccinations have a 90-100 percent chance of success.
Historically speaking breast cancer has been around for hundreds of years. Thankfully the treatment has improved. Patients who get the cancer removed and take care of themselves after, for example, by exercising and eating healthy, will live longer. There are many risks that increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer, for instance, age, family history, and race. A women who made history with breast cancer was Betty Ford, Betty was one of the first lady’s to speak openly about her disease. Betty encouraged women who have been affected with the disease to go to their doctor as soon as possible and told women who had shared that they didn’t have breast cancer to do self breast exams regularly and get mammograms. She also said when women get diagnosed with it don’t be embarrassed. Treatments in the past were pretty good and quite the same compared to the treatments given to people now, for instance, mastectomy’s which was the primary...
Breast cancer affects nearly fifty thousand women each year in the UK. Breast cancer in women is more common over the age of fifty however in recent years there has seen a spike in younger women falling victim to breast cancer (Macmillan.org, 2012). Cancer Research (2012) states that there are a large mixture of emotions for someone being diagnosed with Breast Cancer and this also may directly impact the families and friends of those diagnosed. Furthermore Macmillian (2012) said that the feelings and emotions that come with a diagnosis of ...