Black Holes An object that is so compact that light can’t escape its gravitational pull is called a black hole. The density of this object is extremely high; while it has a small mass, is called a singularity. Around the singularity point, there is an event horizon also known as the gravitational radius. The event horizon is the establish boundary where nothing can escape, there is no communications from the objects inside and outside. A black hole is formed when a massive star collapses on itself. To determine if the star will create a black hole, the mass of the star must be looked at. If the star has a low-mass, when the core collapses the star will create a strong explosion, but will have little fall back. This low-mass explosion will cause a neutron star. If the star has a moderate-mass, it will produce an explosion, but will create enough fall back to form a black-hole. A high-massed star, won’t launch any shocks. Since the stars will be unable to create any shocks, it will automatically create a black hole. The stars mass will normally be 25M or above, in order to create a black hole. A collapsing star, happens because of neutrino-energy decomposition. During the stars life, there are two major forces acting within the star. The two forces are nuclear fission and gravity. When the nuclear fission runs out of fuel, gravity is pulling the star inwards. When this happens, a shock occurs in the core when the star collapses within its self. When the shock occurs, it leaves behind an unstable entropy gradient. The entropy gradient creates a convective layer around the stalled shock, then shrinks down to the star surface. The cool material near the star, heat is created through the neutrino absorption, the counteraction is t... ... middle of paper ... ... the potential to change everything that is known about black holes. Works Cited Fryer, Chris L. "Mass Limits For Black Hole Formation." The Astrophysical Journal 522.1 (1999): 413-18. Print. Hawking, S. W., and G. F. R. Ellis. "Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes." The Large Scale Structure of Space-time. London: Cambridge Univ., 1973. 299-347. Print. Hawking, Stephen W. "Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes." 1DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK (2014): 1-4. Cambridge. Web. Hawking, Stephen W. "Particle Creation by Black Holes." Communications in Mathematical Physics 43.3 (1975): n. pag. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. Hughes, Scott A., Charles R. Keeton, 11, Paul Walker, Kevin T. Walsh, Stuart L. Shapiro, and Saul A. Teukolsky. "Finding Black Holes in Numerical Spacetimes." Physical Review. 8th ed. Vol. 49. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
Starting with black holes, Khalili describes the creation of one. I found that a black hole is what remains when a massive star dies. Because stars are so massive and made out of gas, there is an intense gravitational field that is always trying to collapse the star. As the star dies, the nuclear fusion reactions stop because the fuel for these reactions gets burned up. At the same time, the star's gravity pulls material inward and compresses the core. As the core compresses, it heats up and eventually creates a supernova explosion in which the material and radiation blasts out into space. What remains is the highly compressed and extremely massive core. The core's gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. This object is now a black hole and literally cannot be seen because of the absence of light. Because the core's gravity is so strong, the core sinks through the fabric of space-time, creating a hole in space-time. The core becomes the central part of the black hole called the singularity. The opening of the hole is called the event horizon. Khalili describes that there are two different kinds of black holes:
It is believed that super massive black holes exist in the cores of many large galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. (Swinburne University 2014). It is believed that a normal black holes were formed because of a supernova explosion of a gigantic star, meaning when huge stars collapse, so the larger the star, the larger the black hole. ( Millis 2014) . So therefore a simple idea of how a super massive black hole might have been formed would be because of a collision of super enormous star or a collision of star clusters (star clouds). (Super massive black holes 2014)
A Black Hole is defined as an object in space that is so compact, that has a gravitational pull so powerful, not even light can escape its pull. In most cases Black Holes are formed when a massive star (much larger than our own) undergoes a supernova explosion. When this happens, the star may collapse on its own gravitational pull, thus resulting in a an object with infinitely large density and zero volume. As a result, the escape velocity (the speed required to escape the gravitational pull) becomes even greater than the speed of light, and because nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, nothing can escape a black hole.
First, even from birth this mathematical and theoretical genius has an irregular story. Hawking had been born on the three hundredth anniversary of Galileo’s death, this proving later to be a great point of inspiration and motivation for him and his research. The date being January 8, 1942, a later recognized genius was born
Before I begin to speak about black holes, I will have to explain what the white glowing specks in the sky are. Without a star a black hole could not be formed. In the beginning of a star life a hydrogen is a major part of its development. Stars form from the condensation of clouds of gas that contain hydrogen. Then atoms of the cloud are pulled together by gravity. The energy produced from the cloud is so great when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs. The gasses within the star starts to burn continuously. The hydrogen gas is usually the first type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as carbon, oxygen, and helium are consumed. This chain reaction of explosions fuels the star for millions or billions of years depending on the amount of gases there are.
Black holes were originally thought to have only mere mathematical concepts. There was seemingly no possible way to compress any object into a space small enough to equal to its schwarzschild radius. Later however, astronomer Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated that stars much larger than our own sun should theoretically be able to collapse into a black hole (UTFC). A star is like a blown up balloon with the force of gravity trying to compress the balloon inwards and the air trying to push the balloon outwards. Likewise, stars are held in balance by gravity trying to collapse the star inwards going against the outwards pressure of the internal reactions of the star called nuclear fusion. If the star is big enough and the pressure inside quickly disappears, gravity would and should slingshot the star into a tiny point with near infinite density with an extremely strong gravitatio...
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Fowler, Michael. “Modern Physics.” Lecture. Mass and Energy. 1 Mar. 2008. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.
...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly strong and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The result is a black hole with a gravitational field strong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004).
Einstein, Albert. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Three Rivers Press, New York, New York. 1961.
A star will blow up with the help of gravitational collapses. When a star explodes from nuclear fusion it is because so much mass has built up within its core and it cannot hold the weight. Neutrons are the only things in nature that can stop a core implosion. When a white dwarf suffers a supernova, the energy comes from the runaway fusion of carbon and oxygen in the core.
Hawking, G, 1973, Astronomical Alignments in Britain, Egypt and Peru, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 276, No. 1257, pp. 157-167
Next to cosmology, Hawking is one of many physicists who are seeking out a flawless theory of Quantum Gravity. This topic is listed under the "Stephen Hawking" Wikipedia entry as one of Hawking's primary fields of research.
Black holes are the result of the death of a massive star, leaving behind a dense remnant core that eventually collapses to create a gravitational force so strong that nothing, including light, can escape the force. The theory that black holes existed started back in the early 1900s and since then astronomers and scientists have been trying to get a better understanding of them. This phenomenon has been a working progress for astronomers and scientists for many years and as we develop a better understanding of our solar system, the more likely it is to make a significant discovery that can answer some of the most difficult questions about our incredible galaxy and solar system. The more information we are able to acquire about our universe, the more questions we might be able to answer about our existence. With advancements in technology we may be able to see some significant discoveries and insights into the world of black holes.
There have been many documentaries on Hawking’s discoveries and other scientist’s theories thanks to Hawking’s help with the black hole and galaxy theories, Hawking’s condition has become worse where he uses a machine to communicate to people and sits in a chair for movement for the rest of his life, he has gotten into another marriage and is happy with his family, still searching and studying Quantum gravity happily and finding new things doing so. Many people today are touched by his work and book’s that they also would like to major in a scientific field one day and continue on his studies and make new theorem’s.