III. BLACK HOLE IN MANET In black hole attack, malicious nodes absorb all data, transmitted by source node to destination instead forwarding the data to the next node. In AODV protocol Black hole attack is classified into two categories: Black hole attack caused by RREP and black hole attack caused by RREQ. A. Black hole attack caused by RREQ Following things happen when black hole attack form by malicious nodes or attacker while sending fake RREQ messages: • Attacker change the originator IP address in RREQ to the originating node’s IP address. • Attacker change the destination IP address in RREQ to the destination node’s IP address. • Attacker change the source IP address of IP header to its own IP address. • Attacker change the destination IP address of IP header to broadcast address. • Choose high sequence number and low hop count and put them in related fields in RREQ. So, attacker insert the wrong information about source node in the routing table of nodes that get fake RREQ message. Hence, if these nodes send data to the source, at first step they send it to the...
The routing protocols for UWSNs can be categorized into two classes according to the number of the sinks,which is the destination and the final
3) In the Drop_NoFast scenario, obtain the overlaid graph that compares Sent Segment Sequence Number with Received Segment ACK Number for Server_West. Explain the graph.
In the twentieth century the medical field has seen many changes. One way that hospitals and nursing specifically has changed and implemented the changes is by pursuing accreditations, awards, and recognitions. The purpose of this paper is to understand Magnet Status and the change required by hospitals to achieve it.
The whole idea of time and black holes has been questioning scientist and many common people for decades. Whether or not the theories provided make it physically possible to allow us to ever use any type of a black hole to an advantage? Technology over these past years has allowed us to learn more and more about what black holes are and what they can do. While also allowing ourselves to discover new possibilities that they might bring forth to greater innovations in our near future. But we can only imagine, through our knowledge and technology, what a black hole could do for us, due to all the dangers they bring forth.
The attacker forwards only specific packets to next node, it generally chooses which kind of packet to forward. These attacks are effective if the attacker is in the path of the data flow. The attacker may choose to act as a black hole and just absorb the packet but then some nodes may declare it as failed. The assumption in multihop network is the trust relation among participating nodes about forwarding packets. Selective forwarding can also be caused by jamming or collision (physical or link layer) of a node outside the data flow.
The Magnet Recognition Program was initially developed to attract and maintain nursing staff. According to American Nurses Credentialing Center’s (ANCC) web site, the program “was developed by the ANCC to recognize health care organizations that provide nursing excellence. The program also provides a vehicle for disseminating successful nursing practices and strategies.” Nursing administration continues to have an integral role associated with the demonstration of excellence in achieving the highest honor of nursing distinction. The exploration of force one, quality of nursing leadership, continues to be the foundation of magnet recognition.
Imperva. (2012). Hacker Intelligence Initiative, Monthly Trend Report #12. Retrieved December 28, 2012 from https://www.imperva.com/docs/HII_Denial_of_Service_Attacks-Trends_Techniques_and_Technologies.pdf
Black holes - the strange scientific phenomenon that has astounded physicists and astronomers alike for decades. Popular subjects in science fiction novels, black holes are one of the greatest enigmas of the scientific world. Even today, the concept of a super-dense ball of matter that not even light can escape from is somewhat farfetched, and many scientists disagree with each other about nearly every aspect of a black hole. This project will attempt to shed some light on these mysterious formations, and will inform you the reader of the most popular and widely accepted theories surrounding them.
A Black hole is a theorized celestial body whose surface gravity is so strong that
Onion routing (Syverson) is an anonymous communication technique used to anonymize network traffic. Messages are encrypted recursively and sent to multiple network nodes or onion routers; each router decrypts one layer of the message and passes it on to the next router. This prevents the transport medium to find out who you are; the network does know that onion communication is taking place.
When we say black hole it's not really true. A black hole is mostly made of light matter and not dark matter. Black holes are the most deadly thing in the universe that we know. It literally disintegrates it and takes all light away from it and never gives it back. But there is a good thing a black hole does it takes all the space garbage it's basically a space trash can.A black hole has this weird thing when you get to close to it it slows down time and if you get to close it will suck you in and you have no escape from its grasp. Black holes don't actually emit the radiation its the gas and stuff it sucks up and gets heated. This also affects the gravitational of other objects or light passing by. Black holes actually take you and stretch you out like a noodle string. How this happans by the black holes gravity takes you and strches you
Spanning tree protocol is a protocol that prevents loops that are not wanted in a network. In order for a network to work properly it has to have only one active path between two network stations. If there are multiple active paths between stations loops can and will occur. When loops occur, there can sometimes be duplicate messages in the network. The loops are created by the network and if the devices that connect the network segments are all configured to forward, they will continuously forward frames into an endless network loop. If there are enough loops going then a frame will not reach its destination. The reason duplicate messages occur is because sometimes switches will see situations appear on both sides of it. When this occurs that is when spanning tree protocol comes in. In order to shut down the loops bridges and switches exchange BPDU messages with other bridges and switches to detect loops and then remove them by shutting down selected bridge interfaces. BPDU is short for bridge protocol data unit. Bridge protocol data units are part of the spanning tree protocol and they help describe and identify the parts of a switch port. The bridge protocol data unit allows switches to obtain information about each other. All the switches gather information from each other by exchanging data messages. In order for them to exchange messages they have to elect a root switch for the topology. The root switch has to be unique. The way they elect they have to have a unique switch for every local area network segment. To exchange messages they have to remove all loops by putting them in a backup state. Now to talk about states there is 5 different states. Two of the five states do not participate in frame forwarding. Frame forwarding is what the three main states do. The three main states are listening, learning, and forwarding. The other 2 are blocking state and disabled state. When you enable the spanning tree protocol the network goes through the blocking state and then the listening state and learning state are enabled after being turned on. If the protocol is properly configured the ports are stabilized to the forwarding or blocking state. The blocking state does not participate in the frame forwarding. It removes frames that are received from the attached segment. It also discards frames from another port for forwarding.
At some point in everyone's life they look up into the sky and think to
In order to understand how black holes suspend everything, including life on Earth, a basic knowledge of the research and of black holes in needed.
The first black hole was discovered in 1971 and John Wheeler, an American astronomer, coined the term black hole in 1967 (“Black Holes: Facts”). Black holes are formed out of pieces of a star that have exploded in a supernova explosion (“Black Holes – NASA”). They are also formed when two stars have a stellar collision to form bigger black holes (“Black Holes – NASA”). A star, about three times the size of the sun, cannot collapse due to the effects of gravity (“Black Holes – NASA”). When the star is collapsing it nears the event horizon where time slows down (“Black Holes – NASA”). When the star finally reaches the event horizon time stops and the star cannot collapse anymore (“Black Holes – NASA”). Occasionally black holes can be formed when an existing black hole and a neutron star collide producing another black hole (“Black Holes – NASA”). The collision between the two also makes gamma ray bursts which helped astronomers figure out how the gamma rays were made (“Black Holes – NASA”).