Professionals involved in the biotechnological area have frequently faced issues that are not part of their traditional training, since most of them emerge from basic sciences like mathematics, chemistry and biology. In Brazil, there are few professionals working in biotechnology that have knowledge or training in engineering, administration or law, for example; and they constantly need these skills not only to research, but also to innovate in this area.
Therefore, professionals should have a more multidisciplinary learning or easier access to these areas. In universities, it is not always possible to students to transit in different areas during their undergraduate or graduate degree. This kind of transition occurs more often on the southeast of the country, where there is also the largest part of Gross Domestic Product - GDP - (56%), according to Statistical and Geographical Brazilian Institute using 2008 GDP indicts, and most of the companies in life sciences (71.9%), according to Biominas Foundation 2009 study. These numbers bring to light whether the professionalization of science is connected to local development. The qualified professional does not see many options for entering the market since few medium and large companies hire biotechnologists and/or doctors. Considering the total number of total doctors in Brazil doctors in 2008, according to Management and Strategic Studies Centre analysis in 2010, there was the graduation of 10,705 doctors (general numbers) in Brazil, representing around 5% of the population. However, this number is growing due to policies adopted by governments that prioritize Brazilians education and professionalization. The majority of doctors were still from public institutions (90.5%), and most of the Southeast, especially from the state of São Paulo (45% of doctors), which is in agreement with the data presented above, that the Southeast has the highest rate of development.
In 2006, the southest employed 53.0% (3,172) doctors, while Sao Paulo alone employed 29% (1,737) of all doctors. While the Southeast has the highest number of local development, a Brazilian study found that the country is undergoing a process of spatial deconcentration of employment of doctors. Still in 2006, most of the graduated doctors integrated the sectors of education (76.77%) and public administration (11.06%). The remainder was divided into autonomous or public and private sectors. Among the areas that most hired, health and agriculture are highlighted, accordingly to the number of biotechnology companies in these areas. An important fact is that since 2004, the number of women with doctorates exceeded the number of men, 4,085 women and 3,991 men.
Globalisation has been crucial to the economic and social development of Brazil. In the late twentieth century Brazil face years of economic, political and social instability experiencing high inflation, high income inequality and rapidly growing poverty. However after a change of government in the 1990s and large structural changes in both the economic and social landscapes, the brazilian economy has been experiencing a growing middle class and reduced income gap. Since the start of the 21st century, brazil has benefitted from the move to a more global economy.
BRAZIL Brazil is the largest country in Latin America with a population of 200 million. The Brazilian population is growing and their average age is increasing rapidly due to improvements in health standards and access to health services. The portion of the population aged 65 years or more has increased significantly in recent years. Genicon’s products pertain to endoscopy procedures, and demand for these procedures is positively correlated with an ageing population. Also, it is expected that the proportion of an ageing population will grow 40% over the next 10 years....
In the 1500s Pedro Alvares Cabral landed on Brazil, previously a inhabited by tribal nations, and claimed the land in the name of Portugal. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until September 7, 1822 when it declared its independence becoming the Empire of Brazil making the nation a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. In early 1964, a Military junta took control of the nation until it fell in 1985 further changing the structure of the nation, and finally in 1988 a formal constitution was created enacting 26 states encompassing its boarders. Throughout the history of Brazil, the nation was never able to fully immerse itself in the international market and expand its economy, until today. Latin America has not had the best of luck when it comes to economic development and many nations in Latin America have similar issues when it comes to economic and societal development, and many of these issues are cause by the same things. For example, before the military coup in 1964 Brazil was in massive amounts of debt to international partners, however, during the military rule the payment of this debt was halted so the trust and economic backing of countries stopped with the payments. Many plans have been enacted after the fall of the military control to reverse the economic downfall that occurred in the country and continent in the 20th century and especially in the 1980s, the lost decade. In Brazil alone, there have been at least seven economic plans to reverse the economic hardships of the country, from the Cruzado Plan to the Real Plan, none seemed to work. However, in the past decade the Brazilian economy has seen an amazing increase and the condition of life of the people in the nation has increased with it. The quest...
It has been said by many experts that there has been a surplus of physicians in the past, but that there will soon be a shortage of physicians. This shortage will have been instigated by many factors, and is predicted to have various effects on society, both immediate and long term. There have been proposed solutions to this shortage, but there is a fine balance to be found with these many solutions and factors. However, once this balance is found, the long-term mending of the physician shortage may begin.
By calculating data identifying inequalities alongside the Ministry of Health in random regions throughout Brazil, in 2012, Barufi, Haddad, and Paez, found numerous problems: Previous health care expansion was ineffective due to its inaccessibility, few socioeconomic improvements have restricted many impoverished people in Brazil to obtain any social mobility, and lastly without the proper infrastructure, there is little that can be done to reduce the infant mortality rate (p. 6-8). In relation, Narayan Sastry found through her studies of studying urban and rural child infant mortality in 1997 that, those community characteristics have a strong impact but do not directly have an effect Infant mortality in Brazil (p. 999-1001). In simpler terms, there are SDH that are not examined that have greater impacts but are not implemented due to its lack of studying. Though her numbers did not openly infer this, if a community has such an important impact, imagine what preventative care specified to each community could do to influence the IMR for those regions. As presented, infant mortality is clearly a problem but is often hard to precisely identity the greatest contributing factor. In the next section, the causes and effects of infant mortality will be
Indeed, the problem of unequal educational opportunities for all has caught the Brazilian government’s attention in recent years. In 2012, a bill targeting racial and income inequality was passed, reserving half of the places in Brazil’s prestigious federal universities for state school students. Additionally, it implemented a 12.5% quota of university places to be reserved for black and indigenous people seeking higher education. This is a step in the right direction to reducing inequality, not just in terms of educational and occupational opportunities but also in terms of social standing and quality of life.
Brazil is both the largest and most populous country in South America. It is the 5th largest country worldwide in terms of both area (more than 8.5 Mio. km2 ) and habitants (appr. 190 million). The largest city is Sao Paulo which is simultaneously the country's capital; official language is Portuguese. According to the WorldBank classification for countries, Brazil - with a GDP of 1,5 bn. US $ in 2005 and a per capita GPD of appr. 8.500 US - can be considered as an upper middle income country and therefore classified as an industrializing country, aligned with the classification as one of the big emerging markets (BEM) next to Argentina and Mexico. Per capita income is constantly increasing as well as literacy rate (current illiteracy rate 8%). Due to its high population rate (large labour pool), its vast natural resources and its geographical position in the centre of South America, it bears enormous growth potential in the near future. Aligned with an increasing currency stability, international companies have heavily invested in Brazil during the past decade. According to CIA World Factbook, Brazil has the 11th largest PPP in 2004 worldwide and today has a well established middle income economy with wide variations in levels of development. Thus, today Brazil is South America's leading economic power and a regional leader.
Brazil is a vast country in South America that has experienced extreme wealth and income disparities since its independence in 1822. The uneven income distribution, combined with several other factors, is what accounts for millions of civilians living in impoverished conditions. The Northeast is the country’s most afflicted region, with an estimated 58% of the population living in poverty and earing less than $2 a day. The systemic inequality as well as lack of development and modernization has generated chronic poverty that has had detrimental effects on society in northeast and ultimately weakens Brazil.
...d give access to public health to people who live in remote places in Brazil where native doctors are not willing to relocate.
Pan American Health Organization. (1999). Brazil: Basic Country Health Profiles, Summaries 1999. Date retrieved 28 January, 2004. http://www.paho.org/English/SHA/prfbra.htm
The social conditions of Brazil are rooted in the two separate categories of its citizens, the "haves" and the "have-nots." High unequal income distribution is the leading problem in Brazil. The government is run by and favors the "haves" in its policies. Education is a major influence in the advancement of the "haves" in Brazilian society. The "have-nots" are not given a chance to succeed and are taught simple ideas through the banking method. This method does not allow for the questioning of the government's policies and so the have-nots are situated in a cycle of poverty and ignorance. Paulo Freire saw the problems of education and sought to change the education methods by promoting his problem-posing education.
Private and public health care providers suffer from the attraction and retention of qualified health care professionals, such as the number of physicians per 10,000 population is 15 for the UAE while it is 35 for Germany and 25 for Qatar. This is causing slow growth in the development of UAE health care systems (Deloitte & Touche, 2011). The low numbers of physicians per population were because of the failure of the UAE health care system to retain doctors and nurses, as well as some of the doctors leaving their jobs while some nurses leave their positions annually. The attraction and retention of staff is hampered by a lack of continuing education because of a shortage of medical schools which are showing elevation of capabilities and professional development.... ...
With a population of 200.4 million, there are close to 65 million people who have not completed primary education [3]. Brazilian children are able to access free education at all three stages (primary, secondary and tertiary) of the education system. However, there are numerous social problems that affect free education in the Brazilian community. Annually, millions of students graduate from secondary schooling without being able to write essays, solve basic mathematics etc. Some schools also involve certain rules and regulations which prevent students from failing which leads to students moving forward without having basic knowledge of the previous year. This leads to lack of general knowledge, English reading and writing skills, arithmetic skills etc. contributing to the illiterate population. Other problems in Brazil include lack of teachers, increased crime rates, school abandonment, lack of proper infrastructure (science labs) and teenage pregnancies which have affected the literacy rates of Brazil [5]. Brazil’s expenditure on education has increased over the years, (refer to Appendix 1) however the chief problem lies in the large Brazilian population. Despite its large population, basic education requirements are lacking in Brazilian students. Even after large education investments, the distribution of education wealth remains unequal. In Sao Paulo, one of the wealthiest states with a large population, the
Education is one of the most important factors in improving economic development in countries. Education allows countries to improve human capital which causes an increase in the rate of return to countries GDP (Kruss). Over the years, Brazil has lagged behind other countries in terms of education, causing the country to not be one the same level of productivity as other high-developing countries. The backwardness of education in Brazil stems from social and political differences throughout Brazil’s history and the large poverty cycle throughout the country.
In modern society, governments in both developed and developing countries contribute financial resources to various forms of research and development (R&D). This type of investment assists society to function more effectively, because of inventions and innovations in many sectors, such as health, education, technology and science. In this way, social growth is encouraged at both a national and international level, which further supports improved business and commercial expansion. Based on this, it can be understood that government funding promotes scientific exploration of new ideas and processes that can advance the standard of living around the world. Therefore, it is argued that government funding for research benefits society. This will be examined with reference to the way government funding for medical research aids society, and scientific production on technology.