Do you remember watching the movie, The Matrix? Do you remember the green columns of zeroes and ones that were streaming down the screen? Those ones and zeros are part of a numbering system called Binary. Binary is a simple system that only utilizes two character symbols but accomplishes large counting tasks. Binary is not a number system you would want to use for everyday tasks because there are no shortcuts, you have to do the equation the same way every time and it takes a long time to do most calculations. That is why we use what is called the Denary (AKA Decimal) number system. The Denary number system is called a base-10 system as opposed to Binary being called a base-2 system. Base-10 means that the system uses ten different characters as symbols, 0-9. As stated above Binary uses only two character symbols, 0-1. The chart below should demonstrate how the two system look compared to one another.
Denary Binary Denary Binary
1 1 11 1011
2 10 12 1100
3 11 13 1101
4 100 14 1110
5 101 15 1111
6 110 16 10000
7 111 17 10001
8 1000 18 10010
9 1001 19 10011
10 1010 20 10100
Binary has operations just like the Denary system has. Binary addition is the operation that is the most basic and also should give the best example of how the system works. In the Denary system addition works by placing one digit above the other and adding there values. The same goes for Binary. The only difference is how you add zeros and ones. If one has 1+0 or 0+1 the answer is 1. Or if one 0+0 the answer one would get is 0. That all is straight forward but when one gets 1+1 the answer is 10. The reason for this is because there is not a 2 in Binary, but if there were it is 10. Examples of each systems addition is below.
Denary Binary
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...Binary Number System | World of Mathematics Summary, n.d.). This led to Binary being called the machine language because it is very easy to interpret 0 and 1.
A machine such as computer can see 0 and 1 as on and off (Leverkuhn, n.d.). For example, a computer processor has inside of it millions of switches that can be turned on and off. This system of on and off tells the computer what it needs to do. Computers may seem as if they have a brain and have very high intelligence but in reality they are just listening for a bell to toll to perform a desired action. Dr. Ka-Wing Wong, Head of Computer Science at Eastern Kentucky University would say, “Computers are stupid.” Binary is the basis for the Computer Science field communicates with computer. This is also the main purpose of Binary in today’s world. Without Binary the world would be less technologically advanced.
On the second day of class, the Professor Judit Kerekes developed a short chart of the Xmania system and briefly explained how students would experience a number problem. Professor Kerekes invented letters to name the quantities such as “A” for one box, “B” for two boxes. “C” is for three boxes, “D” is for four boxes and “E” is for five boxes. This chart confused me because I wasn’t too familiar with this system. One thing that generated a lot of excitement for me was when she used huge foam blocks shaped as dice. A student threw two blocks across the room and identified the symbol “0”, “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, and “E.” To everyone’s amazement, we had fun practicing the Xmania system and learned as each table took turns trying to work out problems.
There is a chain that leads up to a top classification. Everything under one classification is recognized as part of that set as well as being independently it’s own set. For a set of numbers an operation is either closed or open. Closed means that performing this operation using terms out of that set and getting a result that is a part of that same set. For an operation to be open means that when performing this operation using numbers from that set would not result in a number included in that set.The first classification is natural numbers. These are commonly referred to as counting number because they are the most common numbers that you count with. These numbers are all positive, whole numbers that are greater than zero. The symbol for this is N. The next classification is whole numbers. This is all whole numbers excluding negative numbers, but including zero. This is recognized as W. The next is integers. These are whole numbers that can be negative, zero, or positive. The symbol is Z. The fourth classification is rational numbers. These are any positive or negative number that can be written as a fraction, including zero, and is commonly known as Q. Not above, but beside rational numbers are irrational numbers. These are numbers that can not be written as a fraction, such as decimals that continue forever, such as pi. The symbol is R/Q, which represents real numbers excluding
The website for Princeton University’s Computer Science department offers a great analogy of the subject, “What energy is to physics, information is to computer science.”
...e and codes. With the continued advancement in computer technology, this entire argument though seemingly convincing, may in the future become a mute point. It is interesting that this argument has generated so much interest over the years. Undoubtedly, this argument is not with without fault yet, it still stands to substantiate beliefs that computers are not cognitively independent.
...ere are gears used to select which numbers you want. Though Charles Babbage will always be credited with making the first “true” computer, and Bill Gates with popularizing it, Blaise Pascal will always have a place among the first true innovator of the computer. There is even a programming language called Pascal or Object Pascal which is an early computer program.
The traditional notion that seeks to compare human minds, with all its intricacies and biochemical functions, to that of artificially programmed digital computers, is self-defeating and it should be discredited in dialogs regarding the theory of artificial intelligence. This traditional notion is akin to comparing, in crude terms, cars and aeroplanes or ice cream and cream cheese. Human mental states are caused by various behaviours of elements in the brain, and these behaviours in are adjudged by the biochemical composition of our brains, which are responsible for our thoughts and functions. When we discuss mental states of systems it is important to distinguish between human brains and that of any natural or artificial organisms which is said to have central processing systems (i.e. brains of chimpanzees, microchips etc.). Although various similarities may exist between those systems in terms of functions and behaviourism, the intrinsic intentionality within those systems differ extensively. Although it may not be possible to prove that whether or not mental states exist at all in systems other than our own, in this paper I will strive to present arguments that a machine that computes and responds to inputs does indeed have a state of mind, but one that does not necessarily result in a form of mentality. This paper will discuss how the states and intentionality of digital computers are different from the states of human brains and yet they are indeed states of a mind resulting from various functions in their central processing systems.
Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. Understand the following as special cases:
Many different types of programming languages are used to write programs for computers. The languages are called "codes". Some of the languages include C++, Visual Basic, Java, XML, Perl, HTML, and COBOL. Each of the languages differs from each other, and each is used for specific program jobs. HTML and JAVA are languages used to build web pages for the Internet. Perl and XML can produce codes that block students from getting on certain inappropriate web pages on their school server. One of the most prominent programming languages of the day would have to be C++.
Present day zero is quite different from its previous forms. Many concepts have been passed down, and many have been forgotten. Zero is the only number that is neither positive of negative. It has no effect on any quantity. Zero is a number lower than one. It is considered an item that is empty. There are two common uses of zero: 1. an empty place indicator in a number system, 2. the number itself, zero. Zero exist everywhere; although it took many civilizations to establish it.
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.
The World Turning Digital: computer is seen in virtually all aspects of our lives. From the mobile phones we use, the Television we watch etc. Makes it pretty interesting to found out how this work.
In the past few decades we have seen how computers are becoming more and more advance, challenging the abilities of the human brain. We have seen computers doing complex assignments like launching of a rocket or analysis from outer space. But the human brain is responsible for, thought, feelings, creativity, and other qualities that make us humans. So the brain has to be more complex and more complete than any computer. Besides if the brain created the computer, the computer cannot be better than the brain. There are many differences between the human brain and the computer, for example, the capacity to learn new things. Even the most advance computer can never learn like a human does. While we might be able to install new information onto a computer it can never learn new material by itself. Also computers are limited to what they “learn”, depending on the memory left or space in the hard disk not like the human brain which is constantly learning everyday. Computers can neither make judgments on what they are “learning” or disagree with the new material. They must accept into their memory what it’s being programmed onto them. Besides everything that is found in a computer is based on what the human brain has acquired though experience.
The field of Computer Science is based primarily on computer programing. Programming is the writing of computer programs using letters and numbers to make "code". The average computer programer will write at least a million lines of code in his or her lifetime. But even more important than writting code, a good programer must be able to solve problems and think logicaly.
The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root.
Pascal programming language was designed in 1968, and published in 1970. It is a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth. The language was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. In 1641, Pascal created the first arithmetical machine. Some say it was the first computer. Wirth improved the instrument eight years later. In 1650, Pascal left geometry and physics, and started his focus towards religious studies. A generation of students used Pascal as an introduction language in undergraduate courses. Types of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC games. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to merge it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful because of Fortran's lack of complex data structures. The second attempt was developed in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Pascal, in its original form, is a Procedural language and includes the traditional like control structures with reserved words such as IF, THEN, ELSE, WHILE, FOR, and so on. However, Pascal has many data structuring and other ideas which were not included in the original, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. The earliest computers were programmed in machine code. This type of programming is time consuming and error prone, as well as very difficult to change and understand. Programming is a time-consuming a process. More advanced languages were developed to resolve this problem. High level languages include a set of instruction...