Literature Review: In order to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of heat stress it is required that we review the science behind the reaction of body to thermal stress, the various methods for measurement of stress and various methodologies used to mitigate this problem.
The review of literature shall thus provide an overview of knowledge of core body temperature, its regulation, heat stress, Heat stress indices and holistic approach to manage the hazard of heat stress. The aim of the review is to identify the direction of research and the methodologies employed to achieve the project aims.
The review itself is categorized under following sections:
• Section-2: Humans & their behavior in thermal environment
• Section-3: Factors that affect heat stress
• Section-4: Heat Stress Indices (globally used)
• Section-5: Holistic approach to heat stress
Section-2: Humans and Thermal Environment
This section discusses the relationship between humans and thermal environments and various factors that can affect this relationship
2.1 The concept and importance for “CORE BODY TEMPERATURE”
In a neutral climate, when at rest, the human body regulates its temperature to 37oC. The mean temperature when measured over a population of in the morning after bed rest is around 36.7oC with a standard deviation of 0.35oC (based on data of Wenzel and Piekarski (1984)). The temperature increases during the day by about 0.80C, peaking in the late evening and then declining again in early morning due to circadian rhythm.
This deep body temperature required to be maintained by the humans is about 370C. The maintenance of this temperature is by response of body to the thermal environment. These responses could be psychological, phy...
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...renuous physical work have high potential of inducing heat stress in employees engaged in such operations. Additionally work that requires workers to wear semi-permeable or impermeable protective clothing is also likely to cause heat stress amongst exposed workers.
2.6 Metabolic Rate
Heat is produced in proportion to the work rate. This deep body temperature is more closely related to metabolic rate than to the rate at which body heat had to be eliminated (Nielsen, 1967). If we look at the criteria of heat stress documents e.g. ISO 7243, ISO 7933 and NIOSH 1986 indicate that the increased work-rate could be compensated for by reduction in environmental heat load. The standard ISO 8996 (2004) outlines the ways to determine the metabolic heat produced by the body when carrying out activities. The standard can thus be applied to support the standard ISO 7243 and 7933.
The various modes of heat loss during this phase include radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation contributes to maximum heat loss (approximately 40%) and is determined by the fourth power of difference between ambient and core temperature. Convection is the next most important mode of heat loss (upto 30%), and is due to loss of heat to air immediately surrounding the body. It is proportional to the square root of the velocity of the air currents. Evaporation contributes to less than 10% of heat loss and occurs from cleaning fluids as well as skin, respiratory, bowel and wound surfaces. Conduction accounts for least heat loss (upto 5%) and is due to cold surfaces in contact with the body such as operating room table. After 3-4 hours, a plateau phase is realized when core heat production equals heat loss to the periphery and core temperature reaches a
...n Article Nielsen et al (2013) Diagnostic Accuracy hierarchy methods is applied which is review on second level (II) i.e. Randomised Controlled Trial and Meta-Analysis in the Pyramid level. These are also considered as gold standard in hierarchy of research design for evaluating the safety of a treatment. Also therapeutic study method is applied where different patients of age groups are used to treat with two different temperatures. There are two different trial methods used in this study. Here the level of hierarchy is high so that we can trust the result based on the data provided. We can also provide and opportunities to collect useful information about adverse affect such as temperature control over cardiac arrest. In the Meta-Analysis method multiple treatment groups are been treated with each other. There is also observational study performed in the article.
You will be evaluated on completeness, thoroughness, and accuracy. The goal of this project is for you to accurately determine and professionally interpret the results as if you were doing so for a patient. Assume that the person you are answering these questions for has never heard of body composition or what it means. Answers must be complete.
Westerterp-Plantega MS; Rolland V; Wilson SA; Westerterp KR. (1999a). Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999 June; 53(6): 495-503.
In present day, as population increases the need also increases. The human being needs more comfortness because of inferior environment (like light, sound, machine which produce heat). Sound, light and heat affect human comfort a lot. They may adversely affect for human comfort positively or negatively. Researchers suggest that, human body is used to be comfortable at a temperature of 22oC to 25 oC. Anything lower or higher than this, the human body feels uncomfortable. This is because, the human body is structured in a way that, it should receive a certain amount of light, failure to which it can cause sunburns and other skin conditions.
In a normal, ovulatory cycle the temperature of the body measured on awakening, called the basal state, rises by 0.2C to 0.5C during two or three days following ovulation. This rise is defined as one in which three consecutive daily temperatures are at least 0.2C higher than the six daily temperatures preceding the shift. This rise reflect the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum. The
There has been great debate and controversy in trying to determine the appropriate methods in attaining an accurate temperature in pediatric patients. In light of new technological advances to find innovative ways to attain exact temperatures in this population, there are hospitals and affiliated medical centers that still assess pediatric temperature through traditional means, which is rectal thermometer. Even more disturbing is the continued use of glass mercury-filled thermometers in the health care setting. These add additional risks of metal toxicity from the leakage of mercury and possible rectal perforation (Chiappini, Sollai, Longhi, Morandini, Laghi, Osio, Persiani, Lonati, Picchi, Bonsignori, Mannelli, Galli, & de Martino, 2010; Teran, Torrez-Llanos, Teran-Miranda, Balderrama, Shah, & Villarroel, 2011). Other means of assessing core temperature in terms of accuracy include obtaining a temperature through the pulmonary artery, tympanic membrane, esophagus, and urinary bladder (Braun, 2006). All of these are quite invasive techniques and are not well tolerated amongst the pediatric population. However, the most accurate noninvasive method can be quite confusing amongst the medical professional in the provisions of care and assessment.
From the frozen tundra of the arctic north to the arid deserts of sub-Saharan Africa – humans not only survive, but even thrive in some of the most extreme and remote environments on the planet. This is a testament to the remarkable capacity for adaptation possessed by our species. Each habitat places different stressors on human populations, and they must adapt in order to mitigate them. That is, adaptation is the process by which man and other organisms become better suited to their environments. These adaptations include not only physical changes like the larger lung capacities observed in high altitude natives but also cultural and behavioral adjustments such as traditional Inuit clothing styles, which very effectively retain heat but discourage deadly hyperthermia-inducing sweat in Arctic climates. Indeed, it seems this later mechanism of adaptation is often much more responsible for allowing humans to populate such a wide variety of habitats, spanning all seven continents, rather than biological mechanisms. Of course, not all adaptations are entirely beneficial, and in fact may be maladaptive, particularly behavior adaptations and highly specialized physical adaptations in periods of environmental change. Because people rely heavily on social learning, maladaptaptive behaviors such as sedentarization and over-eating – both contributing to obesity – are easily transmitted from person to person and culture to culture, as seen in the Inuit’s adoption of American cultural elements.
Orloff, Judith. The 4 Laws Of Energetic Attraction. Natural Health 34.5 (2004): 98. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• energy intake limits related to the energy output of the individual (the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) + activity level shoul...
The individual personality traits also effect the stress equation because what may be overloading to one person may be terrifying to another. In organizations the Job stress among employees leads to several behavioral, psychological and physiological complications and as a result it directly affects the employee's health. There is a growing understanding that job related stress negatively affects the health of workers. In previous studies the effects of job stress has been extensively examined on employees' job satisfaction, performance, motivation, and turnover (Sheraz et al. 2014; Kazmi, Amjad, S., and Khan, 2008). The employees' Job stress is very much within the area of industrial and organizational psychology. However, the association of job stress to the physical and mental health of employees has not been studied extensively by many industrial and organizational psychologists. As most of the employees spend most of their time to work related activities, it seems likely that in addition to physical factors on the job the social and psychological factors may have important influence on their health and job (Tucker et al. 2010). So, it is not surprising to discover that most of the information regarding the effects of job stress on health is in non-industrial and organizational psychology journals (Quick et al.
Stress is defined in the dictionary as “state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life”. Everyone encounters stress in their life caused by many different variables in life and we all cope with in different ways. The way one copes with the stress is how it can affect our body. Some take to working out, eating healthy, take breaks from what is stressing you out and getting plenty of sleep which are good ways to cope with it. Some take to other coping mechanisms that are not very great for the body. Some examples are stress eating, abuse of drugs and alcohol, bottling up the stress, and depression. These bad methods can cause serious damage to one’s health on the body.
Stress has various effects on the body, both psychological and physiological. Stress can have positive effects on the body and can be beneficial, but frequent stress will eventually cause negative effects on the body.
Despite that many don 't realize the dangers, stress is one of the most significant problems of modern times, causing serious problems on physical and mental health. Stress symptoms may be affecting a patients health, even though a doctor may not realize it. Don 't assume that an illness is to blame for that excruciating headache or your sleep deprivation. Let 's face it, everyone copes with stress. Sometimes stress is in our favor, but other times it could feel like stress is taking over. " Stress is a normal physical response your body uses to protect itself from challenges life throws at it each day"(Stress and Health: How Stress Affects Your Health) Stress affects everyone differently, so it 's important to understand what may be causing
The Blackpool Hospital was able to find a successful way to reduce stress within the company, but it is important to remember that not all companies are the same nor is stress the same for individuals. Stress is individualized and there is not one right way of reducing the stress for an individual. Recognizing the main factors of stress and finding the best-fit solution will help to reduce the amount of stress in the workplace and will help to decrease the amount of health issues that are related to stress in the workplace such as headaches, aching muscles, and exhaustion.