Fluoride
Fluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and water supplies. The fluoride ion comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust, is never encountered in its free state in nature. It exists only in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound. Fluoride is effective in preventing and reversing the early signs of tooth decay. Researchers have shown that there are several ways through which fluoride achieves its decay-preventive effects. It makes the tooth structure stronger, so teeth are more resistant to acid attacks. Acid is formed when the bacteria in plaque break down sugars and carbohydrates from the diet. Repeated acid attacks break down the tooth, which causes cavities. Fluoride also acts to repair areas in which acid attacks have already begun. The remineralization effect of fluoride is important because it reverses the early decay process as well as creating a tooth surface that is more resistant to decay. Community water fluoridation is the adjustment of the amount of the beneficial trace element fluoride found in water to provide for the proper protection of teeth.
Fluoridation has been widely utilized in this country since 1945. It does not involve adding anything to the water that is not already there, since virtually all sources of drinking water in the United States contain some fluoride.
Fluoridation is a form of nutritional supplementation that is not unlike the addition of vitamins to milk, breads and fruit drinks; iodine to table salt; and both vitamins and minerals to breakfast cereals, grains and pastas. The protection of fluoridation reaches community members in their homes, at work and at school -- simply by drinking the water. The only requirements for the implementation of fluoridation are the presence of a treatable centralized water supply and approval by appropriate decision makers. Some people believe that there are effective alternatives to community water fluoridation as a public health measure for the prevention of tooth decay in the United States. The fact of the matter is that while other community-based methods of systemic and topical fluoride delivery (i.e. school-based fluoride mouthwash or tablet programs) have been developed over the five decades that water fluoridation has been practiced, none is as effective as community water fluori...
... middle of paper ...
...ny evidence to show that dental fluorosis is a precursor to any disease or dysfunction. Mild to moderate dental fluorosis is no more a pathological condition than is having freckles. There has never been a single valid, peer- reviewed laboratory, clinical or epidemiological study that showed that drinking water with fluoride at optimal levels caused cancer, heart disease, or any of the other multitude of diseases proclaimed by very small groups of antifluoridationists to be caused by fluoridation. Because fluoride is so effective, those fortunate enough to be provided with fluoridated water can count on an up to 40- to 50-percent reduction in the number of dental cavities they would have experienced without fluoridation. Fluoridation is an extremely cost-effective public health measure because the technology is so simple and the fluoride so inexpensive. Studies indicate that a $100,000 investment in water fluoridation prevents 500,000 cavities. Moreover, for each dollar invested in fluoridation, over $80 in dental treatment costs are prevented, amounting to an
80:1 benefit-to-cost ratio. Few disease prevention efforts, public or private, achieve that level of return on investment.
This experiment was conduct to investigate the fluorescent behaviour of Leucophor PAF and to investigate the quenching of QBS with NaCl. It was found that the Leucophor PAF indeed satisfied the characteristic to act as whitening agent. It was also found that the quenching of QBS with NaCl was a diffusion-controlled collision process.
Few object to the therapeutic use of fluoride to stop tooth decay, but fluoridation, the addition of fluoride to the public water supply, can spark avid controversy. Most dentists, medical groups, and government officials argue that fluoridation is a cheap and risk-free venture that doubles cavity prevention. In contrast, a small minority of dentists and conservative political groups argue that fluoride is a hazardous, poisonous substance that should not be consumed. Some antifluoridationists even claim that fluoridation is an untrustworthy form of socialized medicine. But rather than just attacking fluoridation as socialized medicine, opponents originally claimed that it was a conspiracy to poison or brainwash Americans through the water supply. This theory arose in the 1940s when the scientific community refused to endorse or reject fluoridation, thus allowing the debate to expand into the social sphere. While fluoridation opposition may be subconsciously inspired by naturalism, the social development of fluoridation into a Communist or fascist conspiracy resulted from a conscious effort by conservatives to suppress a growing government.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a story that has been loved and read by different age groups. Lewis Carroll wrote the book in such a way that the reader, young or old, could be trapped into Alice’s world of adventure. The illustrations by John Tenniel help portray the story beautifully. Tenniel put pictures to Carroll’s thoughts exactly. When a student reads Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland for the first time, it is always great if he or she could be introduced to his illustrations. However, it is a good idea for teachers to bring in different portals of Alice to help show how other people may view this little girl’s world. In addition, it will show that even though Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has been written many years ago, people are still relating to Alice’s character. Overall, it is amazing to see how many different illustrators have portrayed Alice in a totally new and modern way, such Greg Hildebrandt. I decided to use Greg Hildebrandt’s illustrations to assist me in teaching about Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland because he portrays Alice as a much older looking girl. I believe this will help students understand how Alice’s character seemed older than seven years of age. He also depicts some of the characters as more humanlike than cartoon. I believe this will help students picture themselves into Alice’s world. In addition, Hildebrandt helps portray the bizarre story line that many people have come to love.
Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M., Smith, A. M., Shaffer, S. M., & Morrey, M. A. (1998). An intergrated model of resonse to athletic injury and rehabilitation. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 10, 46-69.
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
In order to separate the mixture of fluorene, o-toluic acid, and 1, 4-dibromobenzene, the previously learned techniques of extraction and crystallization are needed to perform the experiment. First, 10.0 mL of diethyl ether would be added to the mixture in a centrifuge tube (1) and shaken until the mixture completely dissolved (2). Diethyl ether is the best solvent for dissolving the mixture, because though it is a polar molecule, its ethyl groups make it a nonpolar solvent. The compounds, fluorene and 1, 4-dibromobenzene, are also nonpolar; therefore, it would be easier for it to be dissolved in this organic solvent.
Athletes who have a NTL injury, despite being able to play, also are susceptible to an increase in stress levels. One of the main stressors NTL injured athletes face is an increase in fear of (re)injury (Anaesth,2001). A fear of injury or re-injury can significantly affect an athlete’s performance and can cause them to overcompensate, which can result in further injury. In addition, a fear of re-injury can cause major setbacks in rehabilitation as well as performance. According to Crossman (1997), an athlete’s negative outlook towards an injury can subsequently affect the athlete’s attitude regarding recovery and rehabilitation. Not only can an athlete’s mental and emotional state affect rehabilitation, but it also can increase an athlete’s chances for further injury.
I would like to push back on the claim that a cavity is a disease, but I did find it interesting that fluoride fights against dental caries and I enjoyed that my attention was held up with the culprit of decay comes from sugar and bacteria from plaque.
Most people know the name Lewis Carroll, and even more know about the taleof a little girl who fell down a rabbit hole straight into the adventure of a lifetime. But not many people know the name Charles Dodgson, the man behind the pseudonym and the one who constructed this wonderland from a summer time boat ride in 1862. Originally written for three friends, the Liddell sisters, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has inspired philosophers, artists, writers, theologians, and not to mention the general public. The culture in which this piece of art was written has shaped Alice’s dream-like journey from the first false step into an almost never ending fall to the last storm of cards. Dodgson’s enchanting work illustrates mankind’s childlike spirit that 1880s English society tried so hard to ignore.
"Sports Injuries Rehabilitation - Cedars-Sinai." Sports Injuries Rehabilitation - Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.edu, 2014. Web. 08 May 2014.
professors) define social support as “an exchange of resources between at least two or more individuals perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient ”. In other hands close relatives such as family members, team members, and coaches can have a significant impact on the athlete who is injured. In most cases the athletic trainer is the primary source of social support simply because they are there in the process of injury recover. They help them cope successfully and help them reduce such anxiety’s, yet if the injured athlete has no social support it can lead or increase the chances of getting injured once again. Support-based intervention is grouped into three main components, emotional support, tangible support, and last but not least informational support. The first main component is emotional support that can be broken into three more subcomponents, listening, being all ears without giving advice or Judgment. Secondly displaying emotion, comforting him or her and showing that you care. Third, emotionally challenging them that way it produces self-reflection upon them self. The second main component is tangible support, assisting or providing them with materialistic things. Lastly, we have informational support. Which requires the athletic trainer to be an expertise on the athlete’s injury, provide successful exercises, and rehabilitation goals. Which leads us to our second psychological intervention, goal
As have other stories, Alice in Wonderland, has been distorted by the Disney filter to many
...She cannot pursue her progressive dreams of her identity. She has to adopt respectable behavior in every circumstance, in contrast to support of creative thinking of Wonderland. She calls for help during a time of conflict in contrast the original Alice’s confident and spirit. Alice in both versions has no level of toleration for difficulties. However Carroll’s Alice becomes more determined and self-reliant as she travels through her identity, which was wonderland. She states when she comes back home “what a wonderful dream it had been” (Carroll 98). Alice knew where she belonged because of Wonderland. Disney’s Alice just wanted the dream to end and be free from the madness of herself. Unfortunately Wonderland never taught Alice a lesson about her individuality. Instead the whole 95 minutes of Wonderland was just a comedic dream without meaning.
Pursuing a career in the dental public health field was a decision influenced by many factors starting by my passion for research. One of the main reasons for applying for my dental public health residency at Columbia University is the fact that it has a great research program, which is ranked among the top research facilities in the world. Columbia university’s dental public health residency department possess ample opportunities for research for those motivated to take advantage enough to r...
The Ethos aspect o Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and the 1951 version titled Alice in Wonderland are basically the same. Each centers on a young girl in Victorian era England and an imaginative world best known as Wonderland. Alice falls down a rabbit hole and lands in a place that is so absurd and baffling that it is hard to think that a world such as this could exist. Alice tries to come to terms with Wonderland as she grows and figures out more about herself than she ever has before. In both the book and 1951 movie Alice is a young girl, pre teen possibly, who goes on a journey of a life time. I would say that this journey is one that many young adults go on in one way or another and when they come to the end they discover what they are really made of and all of the things that they can accomplish if they really put their minds to it. “One day Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a Cheshire cat in a tree. “Which road do I take?” she asked.”Where do you want to go?” was his response. “I don’t know,” Alice answered. “Then,” said the cat, “it doesn’t matter.” (Carrol) This journey in turn also relates to the pathos aspect of the story. The power in her experience is one that each and every one of us can relate to in some form or fashion. The book is full of emotions from fear, wonderment, sadness, and joy. It is no