One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman. Past the menopause, a woman’s risk is similar to a man’s (George and Johnston, 2010). Clinical trials have confirmed that lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, inflammation matrix alteration and foam cell formation are characteristic features of the earliest pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, and that therapies targeted towards the treatment of those conditions are beneficial (Varghese et al 2005). This essay will summarise the development and factors predispose to atherogenesis, and discuss how the comprehension of cell and molecular based mechanism has led to novel therapies for atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart and other parts of your body. It develops by the accumulation of excess Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall causing damage to the vascular endothelium which increases expression of adhesion molecules that latch onto monocytes and T cells and decreases the ability of the endothelial cells to release Nitric oxide (NO). Monocytes and LDL accumulates at the site of injury then penetrates the intima where monocytes differenciate to become macrophages and the ...
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... Francis Group: London Edited by Joseph Loscalzo
Serruys P. W, Gershlick A. H (2005)’ Handbook of drug-eluting stents’ Taylor and francis group: Oxonia
Stancu C and Sima A (2001) Statins: mechanism of action and effects Published in J.Cell.Mol.Med. Vol 5, No 4, 2001 pp. 378-387
Varghese Z, Fernando R, Moorhead J. F, Powis S. H, and Ruan X. Z (2005) ‘Effects of sirolimus on mesangial cell cholesterol homeostasis: a novel mechanism for its action against lipid-mediated injury in renal allografts’ Published in Translational Physiology :London,
Vaughan C. J, Gotto A. M Jr., and Basson C. T, (2000) ‘The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis’ Published in Journal of the American college of cardiology
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Wilson P. W. F. (2005) Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Taylor and Francis Group: London Edited by Joseph Loscalzo
The purpose for the stent was to hold the coronary artery open to allow the blood to flow more freely.
Coronary artery disease is a heart disease characterized by narrow arteries and restricted blood flow in arteries and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally.[1] According to WHO estimation, 6.8% in men and 5.3% in women are affected globally.[2-4] Cardiovascular disease account for 29% of all deaths in Canada; of all the cardiovascular death, 54% and 23% was due to ischemic heart disease and heart attack, respectively. The total costs for heart disease and stroke were more than $20.9 billion every year. [5,6] With more than 1 artery impacted, multivessel coronary artery disease is more complex and more likely accompanied by other comorbidities including diabetes or high blood pressure; multivessel coronary artery disease usually is more difficult to deal with, has worse prognosis and cost more compared with single coronary artery disease. [7]
Bursill, C. A., Channon, K. M., & Greaves, D. R. (2004). The role of chemokines in atherosclerosis: recent evidence from experimental models and population genetics.Current Opinion in Lipidology. 15, 145-149.
Endovascular stent graft repair is designed to help reinforce a weakened aorta. Endovascular surgery is performed inside the aorta using thin, long tubes called catheters to place a stent surrounded with a fabric liner. Endovascular stent grafting uses an endovascular stent graft to reinforce the wall of the aorta and to help keep the damaged area from rupturing and developing into a potentially serious health problem that can be fatal and cause massive internal bleeding.
...lood Vessel Stents.” 1-3). Bypass surgery is another option; a blood vessel from somewhere in the body is used to go around the blocked artery. This completely bypasses the blocked artery, so it no longer becomes an issue. Thrombolytic therapy is a method that involves injecting a medication into the artery that will dissolve the clot and allow blood to pass freely through the artery (“Peripheral Artery Disease.” 3).
The preliminary step in myocardial infarction is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis does not occur abruptly, it is a gradual and dynamic inflammatory disease which causes the narrowing of lumen due to the deposition of lipid and foam cells. The formation of fatty streak; which will eventually become a plaque causes the vessel lumen to diminish. The plaque will become unstable, rupture and eventually lead to the event of plaque disruption.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the currently the leading cause of death globally for both men and women accounting for 21.9 per cent of total deaths and is projected to increase to 26.3 per cent by 2030 . Statins are the treatment of choice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and in the management of hypercholesterolaemia because of their proven efficacy and safety profile. Evidences are showing their effectiveness in reduction of cholesterol synthesis and number of pleiotropic effects, which may be cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent. The present review focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function ( non lipid action of statins) through the increase of endogenous production of NO in different pathways.
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108.9 billion for health care services, medication, and lost productivity. These chilling statistics, published every year by the American Medical Association, demonstrate the immediate need for new and innovative ways to prevent, detect, and treat coronary heart disease. This paper will explore the molecular biology behind the disease while explaining the current treatments and prevention that are available today, why they work and what can be done to improve them.
Atorvastatin is the most commonly used statin in clinical practice; the FDA approved it in 1996. Atorvastatin is associated with myopathy and elevation of creatinine kinase (CK) and the feared rhabdomyolosis in about 1% of patients.
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
CHD is primarily due to atherosclerosis, which is the blockage of blood flow in the arteries due to the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. Atherosclerosis takes place over many years, but when the blood flow becomes so limited due to the build up of plaque in the arteries, there becomes a serious problem. “When...
The data presented in this table supports the conclusion of Purdy et al. (2005) that the inclusion of cholesterol to the CHO cell membranes will result in significant changes to the membrane, confirming the established function of cholesterol as a regulator of membrane fluidity.
Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Pina, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H., ... Wenger, N. K. (2003). Exercise in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Journal of the American Heart Association, 3110-3116. http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77
Stenosis occurs when there is a narrowing of an artery. As sonographers, we most commonly see this occur in the carotid arteries. Fatty substances and cholesterol deposits build up along the walls of these arteries and are referred to as plaque. According to Eslami & Pounds (2016), the most common cause of plaque build up in the carotid arteries are smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. When this plaque builds up within the walls of an artery it will become atherosclerotic. As atherosclerosis progresses, the plaque will continue to grow and can create a blockage. This is also the same type of plaque that forms in the heart and causes heart attacks.
...esterol (HDL) is usually our numbered by the bad (LDL). Blood clots increase and can lead to heart attacks as well. Your body is heavily affected and worsened with the decision to take any extra, unsafe amount of steroids. They hurt you more than they help in the long run. Your heart severely gets affected and could cause you to have a serious medical issue and could be life threatening.