Ash-fall: Ash fall is a very serious hazard presented by volcanism in New Zealand. Ash consists of rock, crystal particles and volcanic glass. It is ejected from the volcano into the air with large particles between 0.1-10m in diameter usually landing about 1-2km from the vent while finer grained material only millimetres in diameter can be deposited much further away (GNS Science, 2010) [2]. It can affect those in close proximity to the eruption as well as those at greater distances. Ash can be hazardous to the environment, buildings, property and to people’s health. During the 1945 eruption of Mt Ruapehu, ash fall was a major hazard to both people and the environment. Ash is very irritant to people’s eyes and can cause breathing difficulties …show more content…
It caused many eye and throat irritations with hundreds of cases being reported to doctors and chemists in ash-affected communities (Johnston & Neall, 1995). Due to its composition, ash is very abrasive as it has sharp broken edges which can cause damage to buildings, cars and machinery, with damage to paintwork being a very common problem. Ash can also contaminate water supplies making them unsafe to drink along with clogging water pumps, making them unusable. Another major concern due to ash is its ability to affect the visibility especially on roads making it dangerous to drive through areas with heavy ash fall resulting in reduced speeds and road closures. Ash can also be damaging to crops, burying them and subjecting them to possible rot. Aircrafts are at risk of having propellers and other rotating machinery jammed. Therefore, it is common for flights to be cancelled and airports are often forced to close following a volcanic eruption. As stated by Johnston et al. (2000, as cited by Auckland City Council, 2009) the 1996 Ruapehu eruption caused the overnight closure of Auckland Airport for several days. These hazards highlight how ash produced by volcanism has environmental, social and even economic impacts on New Zealand and
In March 18, 1880 Mount St. Helens there was a catastrophic eruption that caused a huge volume of ash; the ash plume would be over central Colorado within 16 hours. After years of dedicated monitoring (knowing where to volcano is, unlike an earthquake not knowing exactly where this geological even is exactly) there was been increasing accuracy in forecasting eruptions.
In the case, “Facing a Fire” prepared by Ann Buchholtz, there are several problems and issues to identify in determining if Herman Singer should rebuild the factory due to a fire or retire on his insurance proceeds. I believe that this case is about social reform and self-interest. I think that Singer needs to ask himself, what is in the firm’s best economic interests. There are several things to question within this case, what should Herman Singer do and why, should he rebuild the factory or begin retirement, if he rebuilds, should he relocate the firm to an area where wages are lower and what provisions, if any, should Singer make for his employees as well as for the community?
When Mount Vesuvius erupted, it is said that the hot, smoldering ash flowed onto Pompeii as if it was a flood of water, the estimated amount of peole to have died were over two thousand. In 1748, a group of explorers saw the potent time stopping endowment that the ash had shown. While digging the ash and exploring, the group found that the entire city of pompeii was exactly as it had been from the abounding years ago. In future years, there was a scientist named Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo who studied volcanoes. Mastrolorenzo and his co-workers went to Pompeii and evaluated the layers of volcanic ash in the town, then concluded that most people died from the first surge. Although the first surge of ash and smoke that travelled into the town was slow moving, it was enough to finish them off. The team was able to estimate how high the temperatures of the ash were, due to the fact that it had melted some metals like lead and tin.
The caldera at the Kilauea summit crater has a lava lake, continuously smoking. The crater is named “Pu’u O’o” and is called a spatter cone, which is a typical cone that is associated with volcanoes with highly fluid magma. The partial liquid molten rock that splashes down the sides of the cone is called “spatter.” This constant state of lava has an incredible impact on the eco system around the volcano. Growing ecosystems are often interrupted by sulfur dioxide, which is produced by the volcano. This produces acid rains south of the volcano in an area known as the Ka’u Desert. This desert is filled with tephra, which is volcanic fragmental material that is made during an eruption. Ironically the opposite happens around other areas of the volcano and island where volcanic soil and rich volcanic elements provide an environment for wildlife to flourish.
Although volcanoes are difficult to predict, geologists have made many efforts in order to caution the people of Orting and other surrounding towns of possible lahar slides. Residents have been made aware of emergency response plans and they know the proper precautions to take in the case of a volcanic activity emergency. Sirens have been put into place by the fire department and governing bodies of surrounding communities that detect volcanic activity and warn the community of ...
This led to the destruction of the Roman city Pompeii. Pompeii had a population of about 20,000 people. Out of these people only about 2000 people escaped the terrible disaster. The volcano/mountain; Mount Vesuvius had temperatures going from 1,250°- 1300°, enough to kill anything and anybody in its path. The funny thing is, the eruption had so much ash that yes it instantly killed everyone near it but it didn't destroy their bodies. The ash covered the bodies and kept them preserved. If you visit Pompeii's site right now you can actually see bodies preserved from all the ash that is covering them. They were practically mummified by the hot ash. Clothing was also unharmed. Under the ash some of the garments were not harmed even by the scalding temperature. Having a very destructive past is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, volcanoes all around the world are active but Mt. Vesuvius is very feared and worried about because it is one of the very few Mountains that had erupted and killed so many
It is not difficult to see volcanoes flustered imagine the devastation and destruction caused by the lava if it hit the urban areas. The effects are not limited
Tennessee coal ash spill occurred in December 22, 2008. A dike failed at Tennessee Valley Authority spilling billion gallons of coal ash. The ash had been stored and contained arsenic, selenium, lead and radioactive materials. These materials are very toxic. This spill is an example of environmental crime because it was caused by the Tennessee Valley Authority. An environmental crime is considered to be a white collar crime also known as corporation crime (Beder, 2002, pg 213). News media highly covered this crime in different ways. Media can change the framework in order to help us understand the situation better. Framing is principles of selection, emphasis and presentation (Schudson, 2003, pg 35). These two article shows how Tennessee Spill can be framed in different ways and with framing analysis it can tell you which frames is being used by the news media.
These differences are in the makeup of the volcano, the impact on society, and the eruption itself. Mount Saint Helens, used to be a wonder of the world, but now a damage site of what happened on May 18, 1980. Mauna Loa is a tourist destination and one of the most active dispensers of lava and magma in the world. As shown, these volcanoes can’t be more different. Yet, each volcano has been a culprit to destruction, and have similarities within themselves. This report has expressed many similarities and differences and brought facts and knowledge to the historical eruptions by these impressive and ancient structures of
The most iconic volcanic eruption in history was the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Mt. Vesuvius is located on the west coast side of Italy. Pompeii was the ancient town five miles from Mt. Vesuvius where people would flock to the area in 79 AD to be near the Bay of Naples. Little did they know that the volcano would erupt into the most destructive volcano in history. Mt. Vesuvius has erupted about three dozen times and was the most disastrous due to the large population around the area. The volcano, which is still active today, is a stratovolcano. A stratovolcano has pyroclastic flows and erupt explosively and violently. Pyroclastic flows don't necessarily look exactly like “flowing eruptions”. These eruptions are not the “flowing” type of eruptions because they are eruptions with explosions and blowing clouds that fill the air. These clouds are usually dark clouds that are made up of ash. Pompeii had some signs of the volcano erupting, but the technology was not like the technology of today where scientists can monitor the volcanic activity.
A volcano is a mountain with an opening at its tip and contains molten rock known as lava. Volcanoes erupt when the pressure within the volcanic mountains increases. Hot gases, fragments of rock, soil are all thrown out due to the pressure. Lava and rock fragments spill over and the air fills with smoke. The lava, ash, and noxious gases are released at a high temperature in the range of 2,100°F (1,150°C). Avalanches, mudslides, hot ash flows, lava flows are all common disasters which follow a volcanic eruption. Volcano eruptions have in the past destroyed
Volcanoes can be one of the most destructive forces on Earth. It is estimated that some
Also known as, strato-volcanoes, these volcanoes are the biggest and most majestic of the three types of volcanoes. Most of the composite volcanoes are situated on Pacific Ocean, in an area known as the “Ring of Fire” (Lutgens. F, Tarbuck. E. pp-238-239 2014). Composite volcanoes are composed of silica-rich magma, which has an andesitic composition. This along with occasionally having various amounts of basaltic lava and pyroclastic felsic lava causes a thick viscous lava that does not travel more than a few kilometers. Composite volcanoes are known as having very explosive eruptions. This is why composite volcanoes can be the most dangerous. Composite volcanoes like Fujiyama in Japan, and Italy’s Etna are both composite volcanoes. Mt. St. Helens is another example of a composite volcano. Its eruption in 1980 leveled may trees in the forest and filled in with magma a lake that was beside the giant symmetrical volcano that is Mt. St. Helens (Lutgens. F, Tarbuck. E. pp-238-239 2014). Much like St. Helens, Mt. Vesuvius is a composite volcano. These volcanoes need to be studied in order to understand how and when they may erupt. If we can further understand these giant volcanoes, we may be able to save people in the future. Pants and vegetation are important, however, volcanic eruptions and their damages to vegetation and trees have been an ongoing phenomenon. It has also been shown that after
For months after an eruption, dark skies, heavy rains and severe winds can be prominent
The general survival of the human race is always our main priority, whether it’s our own, a stranger’s or a loved one’s we have the protective urge built in. So when near dangerous areas we are always extra cautious of our surroundings. This protectiveness and cautiousness of our surroundings can lead us to be afraid to take risks and actually visit many places with dangers that are otherwise beautiful. One of these avoided dangers is an active volcano. Whether you live near one or are a tourist, being near an active volcano is scary especially if you don’t know how to keep safe if there is an eruption. Luckily there are some general tips to survive that everyone can follow. First, it must be understood that there are other dangers an eruption can cause than the main thing. Some of these are mudflows-dirt and ash mixed with water heading down the volcano at extreme speeds-, flash flooding-if there is rain or rivers near the volcano-, wildland fires- lava and magma can cause flammable objects to burst into flame. If these objects are in a forest, fires can wreak havoc in the wildland- and hot ash flows- also known