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History of Artificial intelligence Essay
Essay on the history of artificial intelligence
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The three necessary things of every substance are the type of atoms that created it, the method the atoms are positioned, and the method that the atoms are fused to each other (Trefil, J., & Hazen, R. 2010). The atom is the fundamental structure of chemistry; atoms are comprised of the three essential elements, protons, neutrons, and electrons (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). Protons transmit a positive charge and neutrons do not transmit any charge, while electrons transmit a negative charge (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). The center of the atom is comprised of protons and neutrons; together they create the nucleus of the atom. (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). The most important attribute of an atom is its atomic number, symbolized by the letter Z (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). This attribute is expressed as the number of protons in the nucleus (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). If an atom has a Z of 6, it is carbon, whereas a Z of 92 matches up to uranium (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). In short quantity of protons in the nucleus governs the chemical properties of an atom (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011).
Orbits describe the chemical properties of dissimilar atoms (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). All electron orbits have a quantum number n and orbits with the same value of n make up a shell (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). Hydrogen, lithium, and sodium have like properties with one electron in the outermost shell (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). The valence shell which is the outermost shell of electrons controls the chemical actions of an atom (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011). The amount of electrons in the shell is contingent on just how many remain after all the inner shells are full (Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011)...
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...trieved October 10, 2011, from
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Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education (n.d.)
http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/
Trefil, J., & Hazen, R. (2010). The Sciences: An Integrated Approach (Rev.ed). [Ebrary
Reader version]. Retrieved from https://campus.ctuonline.edu
In "Energy Story" uses an explanation of atoms and tells us the parts of an atom and its structure. In the text it
Elements are the basic building blocks of matter due to the fact that they are chemically the simplest substances. Whether we can find them in the air or in our gold/silver necklaces, elements are everywhere! One essential element is hydrogen, the first element on the period table (located under Group 1 as an alkaline metal) is composed of a single proton and electron; therefore having an atomic number and atomic mass of 1 and electron configuration of 1s1. In fact, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most commonly found chemical element in the universe (it makes up about 90% of the universe by weight). Interestingly enough, the heavier elements on the periodic table were either made from hydrogen or other elements that were made from hydrogen. The most common isotope formed of hydrogen is protium, with 1 proton and no neutrons. Hydrogen can also exist as both positively or negatively charged. The physical form of hydrogen at room temperature is a colorless and odorless gas. Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable and because of this chemical property, it is used as fuel for the main engine of space shuttles. Hydrogen is an important element and has received a lot of recognition throughout history for its usefulness.
This story is that, during the mid 21 century, because of the thaw of the iceberg that was floating in the Arctic, thus human created the Artificial Intelligence to help themselves to face the terrible environment easily. David is a robot like them. But he is the only one that is written into the love. As the first robot has love, he became the experimental article to be a kid for a couple who lost their son. As the time goes by, David still can’t join this family, and the couple thinks he can’t rather than their son exactly, so they make a decision to send to the company that created him to destroy him. However, they didn’t want to finally, but David can’t stay with them anymore. David thinks they don’t like him because he is not a real boy, if he can be a real boy, he will hear stories by his mother before he goes to bed, although he never need to sleep. So he still has a dream that one day, he will be a real boy, because he wants to be with his mother. His best friend and guide, Teddy helped him to find his dream and he says he will see him become a real boy. There is only one hope, Blue Fairy can help him to achieve him dream. However, you know, he did find her, but he was freezed with his best hope, Blue Fairy...
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others.
In the equation, we can see combinations of letters representing the different compounds. A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements that are chemically combined. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. These combinations of letters are called chemical formulas. Chemical formulas consist of different elements’ symbols.
"My name is Dorothy," said the girl, "and I am going to the Emerald City, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas."
In 1803 this theory was finalised and stated that (1) all matter is made up of the smallest possible particles termed atoms, (2) atoms of a given element have unique characteristics and weight, and (3) three types of atoms exist: simple (elements), compound (simple molecules), and complex (complex molecules).
While all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, it is possible for atoms of one element to have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes . For example, all atoms of the element carbon have 6 protons, but while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some have 7 or 8. Isotopes are named by giving the name of the element followed by the sum of the neutrons and protons in the isotope's nucl...
Every chemical element or compound have specific properties that make them different than the other. However, these properties help us to understand every element or compound in which they can be used and how we can deal with them. These properties can be chemical properties which are defined as "that property must lead to a change in the substances ' chemical structure", such as heat of combustion and flammability ("Physical and Chemical…"). Also, these properties can be physical properties which are defined as the properties "that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance", such as mass, volume, boiling and freezing points ("Physical and Chemical…"). These two properties are related to each other. For
When most people think of artificial intelligence they might think of a scene from I, Robot or from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They might think of robots that highly resemble humans start a revolution against humanity and suddenly, because of man’s creation, man is no longer the pinnacle of earth’s hierarchy of creatures. For this reason, it might scare people when I say that we already utilize artificial intelligence in every day society. While it might not be robots fighting to win their freedom to live, or a defense system that decides humanity is the greatest threat to the world, artificial intelligence already plays a big role in how business is conducted today.
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
Artificial neural networks are systems implemented on computer systems as specialized hardware or sophisticated software that loosely model the learning and remembering functions of the human brain. They are an attempt to simulate the multiple layers of processing elements in the brain, called neurons. These elements are implemented in such a way so that the layers can learn from prior experience and remember their outputs. In this way, the system can learn to recognize certain patterns and situations and apply these to certain priorities and output appropriate results. These types of neural networks can be used in many important situations such as priority in an emergency room, for financial assistance, and any type of pattern recognition such as handwritten or text-to-speech recognition.
determined by the properties of these particles. This core theory was then modified and altered over years by Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bhor, and Chadwick. The atoms original structure was simple, but as more and more research was done the atom became more complex and puzzling.
Humans can expand their knowledge to adapt the changing environment. To do that they must “learn”. Learning can be simply defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. Although learning is an easy task for most of the people, to acquire new knowledge or skills from data is too hard and complicated for machines. Moreover, the intelligence level of a machine is directly relevant to its learning capability. The study of machine learning tries to deal with this complicated task. In other words, machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence that tries to find an answer to this question: how to make computer learn?
states that more than one chemical compound can be formed with the same two elements.This was found with his experiments with gases.John Dalton's postulate that states “all atoms of a given element are identical in mass”.The idea that each element must have a characteristic atomic mass. this