An orchestra is an organized body of bowed string instruments, with more than one player to a part, to which may be added wind and percussion instruments.In the Greek theater the term denoted the semi-circular space in front of the stage where the chorus sang and danced; in the Roman theater is was reserved for the Senators' seats,
Throughout the years the size and strength of orchestras across the world have varied. In the mid-18th century the orchestra of the Berlin Opera had 12 violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos, and 3 double basses; 4 flutes, 4 oboes, and pairs of bassoons and horns. Such instruments as trumpets and drums were engaged as needed. A century later in Dresden the court orchestra employed 16 violins--4 each of violas, cellos, and double basses; 4 each of flutes, oboes, and clarinets and 3 bassoons; 5 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, and timpani. During the same time the London Philharmonic seemed to strive for a far richer sound, engaging 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 10 violas, 8 cellos, and 7 double basses; 3 flutes and pairs of oboes, clarinets, and bassoons; 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, and timpani.
Between Beethoven's first and ninth symphonies (1800 and 1823) and Schubert's first and ninth (1813 and 1828), the concept of the symphony orchestra was expanded and enlarged. Over the course of the three decades, the orchestra became a vehicle for expressing a composer's most serious thoughts and not simply an instrument heard in secondary role in the church, the theater, and at festive entertainment's. But in the later 19th century such symphonic composers as Anton Bruckner (1824--96) and Gustav Mahler (1860--1911) significantly expanded the orchestra's size.
Orchestra sizes reached its highest in the early 20th century with such works as Arnold Schoenberg's 'Gurrelieder' (1901), scored for massive orchestra, and Gustav Mahler's ' Symphony No. 8 ', the "Symphony of a Thousand." The American composer Roger Sessions wrote his 'Symphony No. 2' (1946) for the 100-plus members of the New York Philharmonic, and the spirit of this lush, romantic work was carried on in the 1960s and 1970s by such composers as David del Tredici and Jacob Druckman, whose works are said to belong to the "new romanticism."
Because wind parts are performed by a single musician apiece, the number of wind players has remained minimal since the 19th century, but the size of the string section has fluctuated widely among orchestras.
Hawking is still alive and has been living with his disease for fifty-two years now (“Stephen Hawking Biography”, n.d.). In doing research as to how Hawking has been able to live so long with this disease, I came to the conclusion that there is not a reason. An article written by Terrence McCoy (2015) in the Washington Post described his lengthy life as “extraordinary” and “extremely rare”. This is further indication that his interminable existence is supported by pure luck. What an incredible coincidence that such an important man was able to withstand the consequences of a highly fatal disease. Stephen Hawking, the Hawking family, and the rest of the world are, whether they know it or not, thankful for this one man’s extreme luck. His contributions to scientific knowledge and his perseverance will be forever
The GBR, “listed as a World Heritage Area,” resides in protection by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (Wachenfeld 8). Working for this organization, employees have the ability to enforce laws to preserve the Reef as best they can. Another way the GBR gets the attention it needs is through publicity. Many people do not know that the GBR needs help and the word needs to be spread to save the Reef. The documentary, Chasing Coral, by Jeff Orlowski explains that “[w]hen you look at our planet, its unique in the known universe because we’ve got an ocean that is the source of life. It controls everything” (“Chasing Coral”). The film, focusing on coral bleaching, encompasses the widespread impacts on the GBR. It won many major film festivals around the world, showing how important reefs are, and by doing this, people are more aware what is happening and are more likely to help. Although there are efforts to aid the GBR, more needs to be done to truly save it from
The circular area in the middle of the theatre is called the orchestra. The music of the orchestra. In ancient Greek times this area would have been used for dancing and where the ‘chorus’ would sing and perform. A ‘chorus’ was. a group of people who would play a major part in ancient plays often describing scenes much like a modern narrator.
Stephen Hawking was very famous for several reasons. One thing he did was write several books. His most famous book was definitely “A Brief History of Time,” Which succeeded heavily had people were begging for more, so Hawking came out with many other books and sequels. Hawking also did famous things in physics and cosmology, which were his main departments of study (Biography.com Ed.). He was even able to prove with quantum theory and general relativity was that black holes actually emit radiation
In the eighteenth century two conductors were often used for operas.1 One conductor would direct the singers and the other conductor would direct the orchestra. On occasion there were three directors. The principle or lead violinist would often be the lead director, followed by the keyboard player and a conductor. 1 Orchestras without conductors also existed during this period, a tradition still continued today in chamber orchestras. 1 Gradually the lead violinist director became more important than any other type of director transforming himself into lead conductor. 1 The violinist would lead the orchestra by using the violin bow to conduct in the same manner that the baton would be used later.1 By the early period of the nineteenth century, about the time the size of the orchestra had expanded tremendously, a conductor had become a fixture. This paper will inform the reader on a brief history of conductors in general, the importance of a conductor, the history of black conductors, important and revolutionary black conductors, the future and popularity of black conductors, and how black conductors influenced the art of conducting.
Large bands, full of unique instruments and amateur musicians, were required to play at festivals and ceremonies. Similar to the evolution of the Wind Ensemble, the Concert Band is derived from military purposes. Instruments, such as the trumpets, horns, and drums, were often used for signaling. In contrast to Wind Ensemble musicians, these Concert Band musicians never played their instruments for military enjoyment.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven are very famous past composers that have created many pieces that have influenced not just people of their time, but people in modern times as well.
Among the many musical types of the period, the classical period is best known for the symphony, a form of a large orchestral ensemble. The symphonic pieces generally had three movements, the sonata, the minuet, and the finale. Building of the achievements of earlier composers, Haydn, and Mozart brought the symphony to it's peak in the last 20 years of the 18th century. Haydn excelled in rhythmic drive and development of theme-based music. Mozart also added to the symphony by contrasting memorable lyric themes in very full sounding orchestral settings.
There is a real fear the people will become addicted to virtual reality. There has not been many studies into the effects of Virtual reality on the brain. But Psychiatrist, Keith Albow, writes that Facebooks purchase of Oculus Rift will make virtual reality technology available to everyone, including teenagers. He fears that it will be highly addictive and it will make people psychiatrically ill. He has called on government to carry out trials on virtual reality to ensure that people are aware of the side effects which may include “addiction, depression, attention deficit disorder, anxiety or delusional thinking”. (Anon.,
In the first decade of the 19th century, Beethoven renounced the sectional, loosely constructed style of works such as the popular Septet op. 20, for strings and winds, and turned to a fresh expansion of the musical language bequeathed by Haydn and Mozart. Despite his exaggerated claim that he had never learned anything from Haydn, he had gone so far as to seek additional instruction from German composer, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger. Beethoven soon revealed his complete assimilation of the Viennese classical style in every major instrumental genre. The majority of the works for which he is most readily remembered for today, were composed during the decade bounded by the Symphony no. 3, a period known as his heroic decade.
VR is ever expanding, so let us start in the past to get a brief idea of what to expect. Today’s virtual reality has been a build-up of inspiration from other consoles. Some consoles were not as popular as others. “...the Super Famicom, sold at least 20 million units worldwide by 1995. The NES sold 61.9 million. And the GameBoy sold 40 million” (Day). The Virtual boy had
The Great barrier reef has had many recent hardships, including water pollutants and the increasing water temperature. Although it may be too late to save this particular reef we the people must not be so nearsighted to the
Being one of the new up and coming technologies of today, we hear about virtual reality all over but sometimes don’t even know what the term really means. Virtual reality is “a technology that allows the user to go beyond the computer screen and enter a three-dimensional, computer-generated world (Virtual Reality Resources).” In other words, virtual reality is the users interacting with the computer and actually becoming a part of what is happening in the imaginary world, bringing it to life. It is actually a simulation of some aspect of the real world that is basically interactive (Tate).
Heterogeneous cultural groups have evolved into distinct racial groups that individuals misrecognize as natural instead of a social construction. Historically, people did not primarily identify according to race, but rather ethnic group, language, and kinship. Ethnicity is the identification with an ethnic group based on language, religion, historical experience, geographic isolation, kinship or race. Race is phenotypically dissimilar groups in some sort of long-term unequal power and/or economic relationship where the dominant group justifies its position through some kind of legitimating ideology. Although, race has no biological reality, it is culturally real and operates as a principal identity at local and national levels. The United
I want to witness or perhaps even be a part of the implementation of virtual reality as the industry grows. One comparison I truly enjoyed was that virtual reality will become what the mobile phone is becoming at the moment. Mobile phones will, if not already, become completely integral in our daily lives, and to think that virtual reality will become that integral is extremely exciting, but also a tiny bit nerve-wracking. There have always been fears that mobile phones will take over our lives, which some may agree has already happened, but virtual reality seems like another step forward from that. It is a system that can create new virtual lives and we may not even have to leave our homes. The pros of the virtual reality system is that it can help progress many industries (medical, military, education), it can entertain us in a new way that current technologies can not, and it has a lot of support backed by big powerful people and companies (Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc.) The cons of virtual reality is it is still a developing platform, the fears of people that it could overtake our real lives, and the expense of implementing for everyone’s use. I am most excited for the implementation of virtual reality into video games; I think it will change how virtual games are created and enjoyed. Whilst I read through the sources for my literature review, I found that many of them advocated for the continual advancement of virtual reality. I think the majority of the population would also advocate for this, since the pros are much more appealing than the downsides of the cons. One concern I have for the integration of virtual reality among the general public is that I don’t think it will spread as quickly as the mobile phone did. The mobile phone was quickly adopted because it is so useful in our daily lives, we basically have a tiny computer in our