III. Review of Related Literature
Introduction
It is important for us to know the difference between parenting practices and parenting styles. "Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviours that parents use to socialize their children"(Spera, 2005, p. 125-146), “while parenting style is the emotional climate in which parents raise their children" (Spera, 2005, p. 125-146). Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles. Baumrind’s research is known as “Baumrind’s Parenting Typology”(Baumrind, 1967,pg. 43-88). Her studies identified three parenting styles mainly, Authoritarian parenting, Authoritative parenting, and permissive parenting. “Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child-centered
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“While permissive parenting or indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them” (Santrock, 2007). These parenting styles are utilized to determine how they raise their children. There are consequences on how the children behave with these different parenting styles. Like the children of authoritative parents tend to be more lively and have a happy disposition, has self-confidence in the ability to master tasks and has well-developed emotion regulation. The children of the authoritarian parents has an unhappy disposition and are rather anxious and withdrawn, do well in school but has poor reactions to frustrations and are not likely to engage in antisocial activities while the children of the permissive parents have poor emotion regulation, low persistence to challenging tasks, antisocial behaviours and become rebellious when desires are not met (Baumrind, 1966,pg. 887-907). “Mothers and fathers tend to pick up different behaviours of parenting based on the sex of their child”(Putnam & Myers, 2014). “According to Stephen (2014) Studies have shown that “fathers can affect their daughters' emotional adjustment more through the style of parenting they demonstrate rather than through …show more content…
Dornbusch et al., 1987; Lin & Fu, 1990). “The results of the present study indicated that, inconsistent with the arguments in the literature, authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were relevant to children’s academic success and social adjustment in China” (e.g. Chao, 1994; Darling & Steinberg, 1993; Ekblad, 1986; Steinberg et al., 1992; Wu, 1981). According to this study, “it was found that authoritarian parenting of both mothers and fathers was positively associated with aggression-disruption and negatively associated with peer acceptance, sociability-competence, distinguished studentship, and school achievement. It was also found that authoritative parenting style was positively related to children’s peer acceptance, social competence, and school achievement and negatively related to children’s social difficulties.” Thus, it may be safe to conclude that authoritarian and authoritative parenting practices in Chinese culture serve the functions in child rearing that are similar to those found in Western cultures (e.g. Baumrind, 1971; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). This study explains that “parental social status was positively associated with authoritative patterns and negatively associated with authoritarian parenting style”. Compared with parents who had low educational and occupational levels, “parents with a relatively high social
Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits high levels of demand but low levels of responsiveness, permissive style exhibits low levels of demand but high in responsiveness and nurturance (Dwairy, 2004). These parenting styles have been proposed to have a significant impact on a child’s development as well as academic achievement and psychological well-being. Children reared by authoritative parents are stated to have the highest levels of academic achievement, self-esteem, emotional adjustment and well-being according to Baumrind’s category of styles (Dwairy, 2004). However, these three categories are based on Western samples and have been said to describe parenting styles mainly in the West and question its limitations in describing parenting across cultures, as each style’s defining patterns may have different meanings across cultures.
Parenting style is considered as one of the key factors for children’s early development (Nam & Chung, 2014) and it is defined as the parents’ perceivable attitudes and behaviour towards the child (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). There are three styles of parenting according to Baumrind (1968); authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Then Maccoby and Martin (1983) added neglectful parenting as the fourth parenting style. These styles involved two parenting strategies: parental responsiveness and demandingness. Also known as parental warmth and control; parental warmth refers to which parents intentionally nurture of individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being supportive and making sure to obtain children 's special needs and
Parenting styles are the way that parents discipline, raise, and show their affection to their children. The book defines parenting methods as, “how, and to what extent, parents seek to control their children” (Meyers & Dewall). The book also lists three different styles of parenting, defining them as authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. The mindset of the child, how the child deals with social interactions, and the overall mental health of the child can all be affected depending on the parenting styles that their parents choose to use.
Parents and their parenting style play an important role in the development of their child. In fact, many child experts suggest that parenting style can affect a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological development which influence not just their childhood years, but it will also extend throughout their adult life. This is because a child’s development takes place through a number of stimuli, interaction, and exchanges that surround him or her. And since parents are generally a fixed presence in a child’s life, they will likely have a significant part on the child’s positive or negative development (Gur 25).
“Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on parental demanding and responsiveness creates a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved” (Darling, 1999). Each style is based on different
Bowlby, the originator of attachment theory, claimed that during the child’s early age, he depends only on his mother who is his benefactor providing an environment and orientation for him; she is also his connection to the world and provides the safety he need. Upon a child’s learning of those skills, the parent transfers all those roles to the child in a slow and gradual process until he reaches maturity (Bretherton, 1992). This shows how parenting and attachment can shape the life of an infant in preparation for his adult life. Although Bowlby used mother and parent, a broader view would encompass caregivers especially in today’s American society where mothers have ceased to be stay home caregivers for their children. Therefore it is important that the rearing of a child is coupled with good parenting style to stimulate an attachment that would enhance the child development and the quality of future behaviors. Because researches shows that the combination of parenting style and temperament of the child’s determine the outcome of the child’s social-emotional and cognitive development. So in the following paragraphs will examine two different parenting styles, authoritative and indulgent parenting styles, and two different types of attachments that we might expect from their applications.
Diana Baumrind, a developmental psychologist, was the first psychologist to identify parenting styles in 1967. The three parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. At one time, these three were the only parenting styles but later on, uninvolved parenting was added to the list of parenting styles. The four parenting styles are described on how much love, rules and the child’s behavior. Looking back to my childhood, I can see how all the parents showed the different parenting styles, including my parents.
A parent’s parenting styles are as diverse as the world we live in today. Nowadays, parents only want what is best for their children and their parenting styles plays a crucial role in the development of children which will in the long run, not only effect the child’s childhood years, but later prolong into their adult life as well.
Growing up, two group of people, parents, and grandparents, took the time and the energy to raise me. Both of them had different approaches when raising me. These approaches were different parenting styles. According to Baumrind, parenting style was the “[capturing] normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children” (Darling, 1999). To put it simply, parenting style goal was to lecture, influence, and discipline a child. In general, there are four parenting styles with their own specific benefits and disadvantages. Furthermore, parenting style, granted the dynamic of the family was understood, can be identified in families.
A parent is not only the loving mother who holds you close to her for nine months and then many years, or the dad who plays baseball with you and intimidates his daughter’s dates. It is someone who is there for you from the start, guiding you to the right path of knowledge and teaching you how to stay on the right path independently. A parent does not need to have any biological associations to the child in order to be a parent to them. A parent must have certain characteristics to be rightfully called a parent. For many years psychologists have defined ways to correctly support a child to adulthood for parents all over the world. Some people conclude their practice of parenting their children after the child reaches the age of 18, and some have the duty as a lifelong job. As years pass so do generations and media changes very constantly and plays a factor in how children act and respond to certain stimuli. There was a study done in 2009 and people in Poughkeepsie had answered a poll that revealed overall every age group finds it harder to raise a child in today’s day and age than it had been in previous generations, but the older the parent is, the longer the generation gap would be and that factors in the difficulty of understanding how media works with a child’s psychological set up. What a child watches on a television screen is what the child will imitate through behavior. However, parenting is not a book written by a doctor, parenting is having a family, and creating memories, also ensuring that your children live in a nourishing environment for their emotional, mental, and physical health. The accepted goal of a parent is to ensure that their child or children grow to be mature and able to both support themselves and a f...
With over three hundred million Americans and over six billion people worldwide parenting skills are essential to maintain a healthy society. Parenting involves many aspects and requires many skills. It is a time to nurture, instruct, and correct to develop fundamental skills children will need to be mature, responsible, and contributing adults to a society. There are four commonly identified parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Of the four parenting styles, two remain on opposite ends of the parenting spectrum. These two styles; authoritarian, and permissive both have deleterious results that are often visible throughout different developmental stages, such as rebellious behavior. As well each style has its own advantages such as; acceptance by peers with commonality. Child rearing for most parents is an evolving set of skills. It could be said that, with any style of parenting, there is no explicit set of rules for every situation, and what works for one child may not be effective for another.
Would you have come out different if your parents used a different parenting style? If you are considered “cool” now could you have come out a nerd if your parents would have used a different parenting style? “Parenting style is one of the primary determinants of your child’s outcome whether he succeeds, achieves, meets the challenges, flounders, gives up, or runs from or fails in handling life.” (6) The purpose of this paper is to describe the outcomes, processes, labor, and techniques of parenting in a psychological point of view. Parenting styles are defined as the “manner in which parents express their beliefs on how to be a good or bad parent.” (4) Each parenting style has its weaknesses and strengths. All parents incorporate love and limit in their style of parenting. There are four different types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, democratic, and uninvolved parents.
Researches have concluded that “Authoritarian parenting styles generally lead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower in happiness, social competence and self-esteem” (Cherry)....
Parenting styles are as diverse as parents themselves. Parenting is one of the most challenging and difficult responsibilities a person can face. The way a family is structured is called the parenting style. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes, practices, and non-verbal expressions that characterize the nature of parent-child relationships. Because individuals learn how to parent from many different examples including their own parents, role models, society and life experiences. Parenting techniques can vary greatly from household to household, however, experts believe that parenting styles can be broken down into four main categories which include permissive,authoritarian,authoritative,and neglectful.
Diana Baurmind and Alfred Adler have similar categories of parenting styles. Authoritative parenting can be compared to democratic and encouraging. Both of these styles offer love and security of the child. They express the parent is in control, but the parent also respect their child with explaining parental actions in a positive way. Permissive parenting can be compared to over-submissive parenting style. The child is rude, and demanding. The parent usually accepts the child’s behavior. In my opinion, the parent does not want to upset the child, or bother with correcting the behavior, so they will give in by rewarding the child in order to correct the child’s behavior. Authoritarian parenting can be compared to over-coercive parenting. These parents are very strict with children. My father can be compared to this parenting style. There was no reasoning, no communication, and his actions were final. This kind of parenting reminds me of being in the military. Finally, uninvolved parenting can be compared to neglecting parenting. I almost wanted to compare uninvolved to rejecting, but I cannot necessarily say the parent has denied acceptance. The parent is selfish, and does not even provide the bare minimum for their child’s necessities. I can compare this type of parenting from a 16 year old mother from the show Teen Mom’s. Jenelle had her son Andrew at a very young age. After his birth, she was distance and cared more about partying. Her