Punishment under the operant conditionings refers to the usage of positive or negative reinforcements in increasing certain behaviour or reducing or eliminates an unwanted behaviour. The two types of punishments are positive punishment and negative punishment according to B.F. Skinner (Skinner, 1974).
Positive punishment is done by applying an aversive stimulus after the occurrence of behaviour. For an example, the player will be given the safety card, where the players are allowed to keep the safety card to void their punishment in the coming turns. By giving a safety card, it is a positive punishment as the player is not really required to perform any punishment act (Gershoff, 2002). On the other hand, negative punishment is known punishment by removal which aims at removing a certain stimuli after a behaviour happening. For instance, if the double punishment card is taken, where players are required to take 2 punishment cards and act accordingly. This happens when the player land on the wrong position on the board game (Gershoff, 2002).
While punishment can be quite useful in few cases, however, some punishments do not exactly increase or reduce behaviour. One example is the prison, which means, after a criminal is send to jail, the prisoner seems to be doing more crimes upon release from the prison (Gershoff, 2002).
The categorization theory can be related into three categories which are prototype theory, classical categorization and conceptual clustering. In categorization process, an individual categorizes the people around them based on common characteristics into different groups (Watson J. , 1913). Most of this processes occur unconsciously and in an automatic manner but at times, is also happens unconsciously. Some ...
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... known (Watson J. , 1913)
Cognitive learning theory can be defined as the process model of how people think. The processes help us to understand the how people learn and think and the information is processes as a short term memory. Once the information goes through practice and rehearsal, then it is shifted to long-term memory. Once in position as long term memory, the information can be derived via other connections (Skinner, 1974). There a number of ways to learn cognitive processes, for example summarizing and asking questions. While playing the game, the player can arrange winning strategies by visually taking notes on how other players are playing without getting punished. All this will be stored in the player’s short term memory. Apart from that, the player can also retrieve their previous game winning strategy from their long term memory (Bandura A. ,1977).
If a behavior is desirable, consequences called reinforcers are used to encourage the behavior in the future, via the process of reinforcement. Reinforcement can be positive (presenting reinforcing stimulus) or negative (removing a negative stimulus). However, if a behavior is undesired, a negative consequence can be used to discourage the behavior, through the process of either positive or negative punishment. In positive punishment, a negative consequence is presented after the undesired behavior occurs. When negative punishment it used the idea is the same “to discourage future display of undesired behavior,” but instead of presenting a negative stimulus, a desired stimulus is removed following the behavior.
Every civilization in history has had rules, and citizens who break them. To this day governments struggle to figure out the best way to deal with their criminals in ways that help both society and those that commit the crimes. Imprisonment has historically been the popular solution. However, there are many instances in which people are sent to prison that would be better served for community service, rehab, or some other form of punishment. Prison affects more than just the prisoner; the families, friends, employers, and communities of the incarcerated also pay a price. Prison as a punishment has its pros and cons; although it may be necessary for some, it can be harmful for those who would be better suited for alternative means of punishment.
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Throughout history, it has become very clear that the tough on crime model just does not work. As stated by Drago & Galbiati et al. In their article: Prison Conditions and Recidivism, although it is...
More than half of prisoners reoffend within at least three years of leaving prison. Those who reoffend tend to have more severe and more aggressive offenses than previously. A man by the name of Brandy Lee has shown that by having a very strict program in prisons, violent offenders in San Francisco jails reduced the amount of violence in jails. The program also helped to reduce the rate of violent re-offences after leaving the jail by over 50 percent.
In Western cultures imprisonment is the universal method of punishing criminals (Chapman 571). According to criminologists locking up criminals may not even be an effective form of punishment. First, the prison sentences do not serve as an example to deter future criminals, which is indicated, in the increased rates of criminal behavior over the years. Secondly, prisons may protect the average citizen from crimes but the violence is then diverted to prison workers and other inmates. Finally, inmates are locked together which impedes their rehabilitation and exposes them too more criminal
Inmates in prison know that no matter what their sentence if they behave good or bad they will nearly get out at the same time from 9 years if good to 10 if bad, or a 15% reduction leaving them to not bother trying to rehabilitate themselves due to the little amount it will affect their stay making them more likely to return. It is suggested that if we increase the inmates time from the normal minimum bottom line sentence they would receive normally and gave them a much higher sentence for acting badly they would be forced to attend classes such as anger management and treatments for themselves making them more fit to leave the prisons and join our society. This in return would decrease the amount of needed prison
punishment is an asset to society: it is the only punishment that fits the crime, it deters potential criminals
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Such an assumption does not refute that some criminals make their own personal choices to break the law but rather it argues that these personal choices are usually caused by certain factors which contribute to criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs are therefore based on such perspectives where the various correctional programs are designed to deal with criminal enforcing behavior. For example counseling programs could focus on the behavior that led to the criminal offender committing the offense while educational programs could focus on how to change negative behavior to positive behavior. Correctional programs in prison facilities are therefore important in reducing the recurrence of criminal behavior as well as reducing recidivism among probationers and parolees (Barkan & Bryjak, 2009).
The use of prison as a form of punishment began to become popular in the early 19th century. This was because transportation to colonies had started to decrease; transportation was the removing of an individual, in this case an offender, from its country to another country; usually for a period of seven to ten years and in some cases for ever. During this time prison was now being used as a means for punishment, this was in response to the declining of transportation to colonies. Thus, instead of transporting offenders to other colonies they were now being locked away behind high walls of the prison. Coyle (2005). To say whether using prison as a form of punishment has aid in the quest of tackling the crime problem one must first consider the purposes of the prison.
Punishment is reserved to those who have committed a transgression, a dominant and common response to injustices upon a victim (Okimoto and Weznzel 2008 p.346). It is a sense of retribution against immoral behavior, not solely for the purpose of punishment against the offender, but
Punishment refers to the deliberate infliction of hardship on an actual or supposed offender for a wrongful act for instance moral transgression or legal transgression. Punishment requires having a legal or political justification since it constitutes of inflicting a pain or deprivation which is equal to that which is inflicted by perpetrator of a crime on his victim.
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
Lastly, punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it. Punishment can work either by directly applying an unpleasant stimulus after an undesired response or by removing a potentially rewarding stimulus.