Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard systemic treatment for breast cancer patients after surgical removal of tumor [1]. The anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy for tumors, kill cancer cells predominantly by triggering apoptosis in them [2]. Susceptibility of cancer cells to apoptosis depends on their capabilities to express the components of apoptosis pathway and to activate them in response to extrinsic or intrinsic death signals [3]. The extrinsic pathways are mediated by the death receptor- and the cytotoxic granule-mediated pathways. On the other hand, the intrinsic death mechanisms are mediated by the mitochondrial pathway [3,4]. FasR/FasL system, cytotoxic granule mediated pathway and mitochondrial pathway are major regulators of apoptosis involved in cancer cell death induced by immune system and chemotherapeutic agents [4].
The FasR/FasL system is a key signal pathway involved in regulation of apoptosis in several different cell types [2, 5]. Fas (CD 95), a 48 kDa type I transmembrane receptor, is expressed in activated lymphocytes, in variety of tissues of lymphoid or non-lymphoid origin as well as tumor cells [2,6]. Fas ligand (CD 95L), a 40 kDa type II transmembrane molecule occurs in membrane bound and soluble form, generated through cleavage by metalloproteinase. FasL is produced by activated T cells and plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune system by triggering autocrine suicide or paracrine death in neighboring lymphocytes or other target cells including tumors [2]. It has been shown that FasL expression is induced following chemotherapy [7]. Granzyme B is a serine protease found in the cy...
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Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
Montaner, B. and Perez-Tomas, R. 2001. Prodigiosin-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Life sciences, 68 (17), p. 2025-2036.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Chemotherapy is the treatment of a tumor with chemical agents to reduce mass or eradicate a tumor completely. There are certain mechanisms by which chemotherapy inhibits cancer. The first mechanism is cell death by cytotoxicity. Some chemical agents in certain amounts are toxic to cells. The cells die due to the toxic...
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies Hodgkin’s lymphoma into two different groups: nodular lymphocyte predominant (NLPHL) and classical HL (cHL). NLPHL develops slowly, is found predominantly in males, and accounts for about 5% of all HL cases. It is characterized by L&H cells and a different antigenic profile (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). In contrast, cHL, the most common subtype, comprises nearly 80% of diagnosed cases. Classical HL is divided into four subtypes. “The diagnosis is dependent on the pathological finding of H...
To understand how immunotherapy works it helps to know how your immune system works to fight against cancer. Cancer cells have substances on their surfaces called tumor antigens that raise an alarm in the immune system that says cancer is present. Antigen presenting cells ( APCs) roam the body seeking out and ingesting tumor antigens. The APCs then activate B cells and T cells. The B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies that bind to the tumor cell and mark them for elimination ( a humoral immune response). When T cells are activated they proliferate and undergo expansion, seek out, and destroy cells bearing the specific tumor antigens ( a cellular immune response). Sometimes your immune response does not destroy all of the cancer cells and this r...
The topic of this article is medication error related to chemotherapy drugs. Forty percent of medication errors have been related to chemotherapy drugs. It is imperative that the nurses are properly trained on these medications and fully understand what is being administered before giving it to the patient as well as know what the proper dose is before administering anything to the patient. More importantly the nurse must pay close attention to their patient’s response to the chemotherapy given to the patient or it could lead to a serious injury or death.
INTRODUCTION: Apoptosis is a distinct form of a programmed cell death ( PCD) and defect in apoptosis are now thought to contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Regarding the keen interest in programmed cell death in the last years, more and more assays and commercial kits are emerging to prove apoptosis. However, their detectability and reliability have been often discussed. Here we introduce rapid and simple method for evaluating apoptosis in cancer researches and genotoxicities. METHODS: NIH-3T3 cell line were used in this study, after treatment with apoptotic agent, DNA was extracted by simple protocol. Then DNA ladder and flow cytometry assays were done for detection of apoptosis in NIH-3T3 cell line. RESULT: Primary and late apoptosis in the treated cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis. Accordingly DNA ladder assay using 1.5 % gel electrophoresis showed fragmentation in the DNA of treated cells. CONCLUSSION: This research provides a fast, simple and cost-effective method in observing apoptosis in mammalian cells and could be use in cancer research and genotoxicity.
There are two types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and even though they are different they both begin the same way. Like other cancers, lymphoma results when cells divide too quickly or do not die because of a discrepancy in their genes. The cells that are affected in this type of cancer are white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make up around 20 to 40 percent of all white blood cells, and are divided into two categories, B or T. Both types help support the immune system by destroying infectious or foreign substances, but B lymphocytes make antibodies to fight these substances while T lymphocytes directly attack the unwanted substances. These cells work in the lymph system which is a part of the immune system. The main jobs of the lymph system are to protect the body from unwanted substances and to transport waste. The system includes many vital organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and the digestive tract. When lymphocytes become cancerous they collect in the lymph nodes therefore blocking the passage of waste and other white blood cells while also using the nodes as a system to travel and spread to other parts of body. These cancerous cells do not die and become a burden for the body because they can no longer fulfill their ...
This can trigger cytotoxic T cells to kill cancer cells with the same antigen – often HPV viral proteins in cervical cancer. T cells may not be activated to their full potential – recall that the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 in T cells sends a stronger signal than CD28, the activating receptor.
There are three different types of granular leukocytes. Neutrophil is a phagocyte, produced in the bone marrow that ingests and destroys bacteria extremely fast. Neutrophil has a diameter, which is, about ten to twelve micrometers long. They make up about 60-70 percent of the total number of white blood cells in our body. Eosinphil is a type of white blood cell that secretes poisonous materials in order to kill parasites, allergies and phagocytosis of bacteria, which is when the...
For years people have been looking for a cure for the devastating disease of cancer. Cancer is the third highest killer in the US with over 2,500,000 victims per year. Oncologists and scientists around the country are researching all forms of cancer in an effort to understand, treat, and ultimately defeat this disease. Already there have been numerous advances in the field, such as chemotherapy and gene therapy. One advance has been the use of a cell process known as apoptosis. By harnessing this normal cell process, scientists hope to have found an effective way to combat cancer.
Innate system critical main defense is the cellular component; there are several kinds of cells involved in the process. One of the crucial cells is the macrophage. ...
What exactly is Chemotherapy and why would it also kill “good” cells? Cancer could be described as the disease that sends cells out of control, rapidly multiplying the cells, until it harms the body. Chemotherapy is an effective drug treatment intended to treat individuals with various forms of cancer. Generally, this type of treatment is nonspecific, and non-molecular that uses chemical agents to break down all dividing cells. Chemotherapy, or chemo for short, destroys cancer cells, and can also cease the reproduction or spreading of these cells. Despite having apparent benefits, this type of treatment comes at a cost, presenting several disadvantages and side effects. Chemotherapy comes with a heavy burden, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, infections, and fatigue is a few of the short-term side effects. This analysis examines chemotherapy as a type of cancer treatment, as well as evaluating complimentary and alternative medicines.
In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, play a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body ...