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Gender in American culture
Gender stereotypes in american society
The progression of gender roles in american society
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Recommended: Gender in American culture
The recent controversy surrounding the censorship of Andrej Pejic’s cover on Dossier Journal’s May 2011 edition (Figure A) revolves around the issue of androgyny in America. The surrounding ideas regarding the American censorship of an androgynous male model explore the discomfort around gender bending and reflect on the American gender dichotomy. This essay will explore the ways in which Serbian male model Andrej Pejic and Dossier Journal challenge the American “normative” representations of gender and sexuality while feeding off of racial norms on the Dossier May cover; this challenge has resulted in the covers censorship in the American market.
Featured on Dossier Journal’s May 2011 cover is Andrej Pejic a self identified androgynous male model. Andrej Pejic defies the normative gender roles that hold dominance in America through his androgynous appearance on the Brooklyn based journal cover.
In Pejic’s cover, gender is presented in a nontraditional way for male models in America. A good majority of male cover models scarcely have hair past their ears; on the Dossier cover Pejic’s long blond hair is rolled up in curls. The appearance and length of his hair is reminiscent of Ingrid Banks’ article “Hair Still Matters.” In her work Banks discusses the ways in which hair is important for defining the femininity of black women. While Pejic is a European male his blonde glossy hair embodies the ideal hair Banks describes as the long, flowing locks of white women. As discussed in various lectures from Laury Oaks’ Feminist Studies 20 course hair often plays a large role in gender determination. Dossier and Pejic challenge male gender norms by having an androgynous cover model with lengthy, hegemonically beautiful hair.
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...(8th Ed.). Feminist Frontiers (pp. 53-68). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Martinez, E. (2011, May 17). Shirtless male model cover censored. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-504083_162-10007792-2.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody.
May Dossier Journal [Magazine Cover]. (2011). Retrieved May 17, 2011, from:
http://dossierjournal.com.
May Men’s Health Cover [Magazine Cover]. (2011). Retrieved May 17, 2011, from: http://www.menshealth.com/
Sharpley-Whiting, T.D. (2009) I see the same ho: Video Vixens, Beauty Culture, and Disaporic Sex Tourism. In Taylor, Y., Whittier, N., Rupp, L.J. (8th Ed.). Feminist Frontiers (pp. 153-161). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Tolman, D. L. (2009). Doing desire: Adolescent girls’ struggles for/with sexuality. In Taylor, Y., Whittier, N., Rupp, L.J. (8th ed.). Feminist Frontiers (pp. 348-358). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wykes, Maggie, and Barrie Gunter. The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill. London: SAGE, 2005. Print.
Draper’s (2010) research regarding gayness to establish differences between models of straight masculinity in the magazine industry was extensive. He began his research by analyzing Details’ issues from September 1990 to September 2008 that had to do with gay men references. He then created a timeline that determined the gay moments that occurred and also analyzed the way editors at Details talked to and about their audience. These were his methods of data collection and he used Butler’s theory, “that gender is performative, socially regulated, and discursively constructed,” and “Carrigan, Connell, and Lee’s assertion that multiple masculinities exist that get contained and reframed by hegemonic masculinity.” (Draper, 2010, p. 360) Along with these methods, he also analyzed editors’ letters in each issue relating to sexual identity and gender and examined interviews the editors gave to the press and newspapers.
Deborah Tolman author of “Dilemmas of Desire” dwells on uncovering a wealth of feelings about sexuality from teenage girls who are faced with a lot of struggles in developing sexual identity and detached from their sexuality. One of her main argument is centered on the juxtaposition of media representations of girls as highly sexualized objects. For instance, “the urban girl is viewed as the overly sexual young jezebel. Latinas are often eroticized as exotic, sexually alluring and available.” (Tolman, pg.170). I agree with this statement due to simple fact that we are living in a highly sexualized cultural milieu and evidence of sexualization is seen through mainstream culture. Images such as Sarah Bartman depict African American/ urban portrayal of sexual imagery formed socio-historical
Urla, Jaqueline, Swedland, Alan C Measuring Up to Barbie Ideals of the Femenine Body in Popular Culture Bloomington Indiana Press 1995 P 277-313
Rubin, Gayle. “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality.” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. ed. Vance, Carole. Pandora: London, 1992.
To start with, Bartky describes how women personalize men’s expectations in regards to their physical appearance, style, attitude and behavior, by using “internalization”. The author is trying to explain that women incarnate “patriarchal standards of bodily acceptability” meaning that have embodied the social standards; which make them feel guilty if they fail acting in accordance with the appropriate principles. Furthermore, women struggle to meet men’s expectations with the fear that if they don’t, they will face male refusal. ‘Male gaze’ constructs how women’s appearance should be according to what is more attractive and more appealing to men. It is also recognized from Bartky that women willingly accept what men want and the disciplines are forced to, but she also understands that the...
Lippert, Barbara. “The Media Are Embracing More Diverse Body Types.” 11 December 2006: 36-42. Print. 01 April 2014.
Silverstein, Perdue, & Peterson (1986). Mass media is promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness. Sex Roles, 14, 519-532.
The Web. The Web. 09 Mar. 2014. The 'Standard' of the Kane, Matt. “Victims or Villans: Examining Ten Years of Transgender Images on Television.” GLAAD. N.p., 21 Nov. 2012.
While the social construction of femininity has been widely examined, the dominant role of masculinity until recently, has remained largely invisible. To construct a reasonable for or against argument that will outline whether masculinity is in crisis or not, I will apply relevant media theories along with ideas from influencing figures to create a constructive argument. The questions that arise that either support or argue with the statements that key theorists propose will be answered formatively and critically. Furthermore, analysis of the representation of gender and masculinity within modern media forms, along with the rise and formation of the ‘laddish’ culture and what factors have influenced the creations of lad mags; while outlining
Nudity: a controversial topic from the beginning of time. It has raised questions such as: Should girls have to cover their shoulders when in the classroom? What is the appropriate length for a pair of shorts? And one of the more famous campaigns should women be allowed to “free the nipple.” Recently nudity has been used by celebrities to show support for presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. This is a controversy because some people believe that a woman using her body as a sexual image promotes the idea that others also have the right to view and support the idea that women are sexualized objects. In this article “Katy Perry’s naked vote reveals more than she wanted” written by Barbra Ellen explores this controversial topic by using many rhetorical devices.
In our media-driven culture, our views of what women and men should look like are shaped by these unreal images. Older men and women, or people with disabilities, or disfigurements are rarely if ever depicted in these types of publications” (Ballaro 1) Ballaro is saying that what people or dehumanizing themselves for are pretty much fake, plastic surgery airbrush and can not forget the contouring the artist are doing before the flash. Everything is so unreal and natural people are more of the realistic type of humans out there. For example Kim Kardashian has fake everything, the camera and new technology enhances her beauty plus million-dollar plastic surgery done to here. The reader feels as that if she needs to look like to be loved and cherished and spoiled, so she goes back to beating herself up.
It compares and contrasts the “physical view on masculinity” as it has changed over the centuries in relation to society’s views on it. In her article, Bordo explains, “Attention to beauty was associated not with femininity but with a life that was both privileged and governed by exacting standards… By the end of the nineteenth century, older notions of manliness premised on altruism, self-restraint, and moral integrity – qualities that women could have too – began to be understood as vaguely ‘feminine’… ‘Homosexual’ came to be classified as a perverse personality type which the normal, heterosexual male have to prove himself distinct from.” (402) Bordo goes on to explain how in the twentieth century the homosexual community has greatly influenced social discourse through developing the way models pose. In turn, this discourse has shaped the way male bodies are portrayed both in advertisements and within our culture, and broken the idea that all male bodies need to be portrayed in a strong and masculine fashion. In her article, Bordo uses a surfeit of anecdotes to typify pathos, several accounts of logos, and ethos to show the adaption that has taken place in the masculine advertising
In the essay “Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body,” author and philosopher Susan Bordo discusses the history and current state of male representation in advertisements. While using her feminist background, Bordo compares and contrasts the aspects of how men and women are portrayed in the public eye. She claims that there has been a paradigm shift the media with the theory that not just women are being objectified in the public eye, but also men too. Since the mid-1970s, with the introduction of Calvin Klein commercials, men have started to become more dehumanized and regarded as sex symbols. In a similar fashion to how Bordo describes gender, race plays a similar role in the media. People of all different ethnicities and cultures are being categorized into an oversimplified and usually unfair image by the media over basic characteristics.
The New Yorker, with 47 publications each year, often generates some debate. In July 2007, the literary magazine released its latest issue. The cover included the title, price, edition, and three differently dressed women sitting on a bench. The first woman’s face and body are covered, except for her eyes. The second, with long blonde hair, is wearing a halter top, short shorts, sunglasses, and flip flops. The third is wearing a tunic and veil. Our first impressions are often stereotypical, and we must look deeper than the cover. Immediately, different conclusions are drawn based on each woman’s appearance. Just from this magazine cover, we can assume different things about each individual: including her religion, self image, and family life.