Introduction
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a genetic X-linked recessive disorder where affected males have mostly female sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development. Individuals with this condition are genetically male; they contain both an X and Y chromosome (Barbaro et al., 2007). Mutations in the androgen receptor gene are what cause androgen insensitivity syndrome in individuals. This gene produces androgen receptors which are important to males. Without this receptor androgen will not be supplied to the body and that is a major hormone males need. Other names used in place of AIS are as follows; Testicular Feminization Syndrome (TFM), Androgen Receptor Deficiency, Androgen Resistance Syndrome, AR Deficiency, Dihydrotestosterone Receptor Deficiency, and DHTR Deficiency (OMIM, 2012). Androgen insensitivity syndrome can be considered as complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, or mild androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when the body is unable to use androgens at all. Affected individuals with this form have the external sex characteristics of females, but do not have a uterus, will not menstruate, and are infertile. They also will not have axillary or pubic hair, or acne which is linked to puberty. Androgen insensitivity syndrome individuals develop internal male sex organs. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (Reifenstein syndrome) is when the body’s tissues are partially sensitive to the effects of androgens. Affected individuals can have normal female sex characteristics, both male and female sex characteristics, or normal male sex characteristics. An individual may be brought up as a male then u...
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Various previous studies found that girl and boys have different type of toys preferences that can be learned through modeling and reinforcement. There are also biological factors that influence the differences between girls and boys. Gonadal hormones highly influence the development of sex differences in terms of behavior and in the brain at different species of animals. There is a unique case where females with genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) –highly exposed to adrenal androgens before birth –shows a more manly behavior and physical energy with higher spatial ability than normal females. Other findings also show similar results caused by masculine hormones by maternal ingestion during pregnancy.
9.Wang, P. S., Gruber, M. J., Powers, R. E., Schoenbaum, M., Speier, A. H., Wells, K. B., &
The androgenic effects of AAS are numerous. Depending on the length of use, the side effects of the steroid can be irreversible. Processes affected include pubertal growth, sebaceous gland oil production, and sexuality. Some examples of effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children, increased vocal cord size, increased libido, suppression of natural sex hormones, and impaired production of sperm. Effects on women include deepening of the voice, facial hair growth, and possibly a decrease in breast size. Men may develop an enlargement of breast tissue, known as gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, and a reduced sperm count.
Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013).
Describe what AIS is and mechanism of Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome. Explain the hormonal mechanism underlying the development of these symptoms. Discuss how these condition relates to typical sex development.
Ottenberg, A. L., Wu, J. T., Poland, G. A., Jacobson, R. M., Koenig , B. A., & Tilburt, J. C.
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Tamborini, Ron ; Eastin, Matthew S. ; Skalski, Paul ; Lachlan, Kenneth ; Fediuk, Thomas A. ;
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Gender identification begins in the womb with the differentiation of the sex organs. This is what typically makes a person anatomically male or female. Sex chromosomes establish the anatomical sex of the fetus. This occurs through sex chromosomes. When a fetus has both an X and a Y chromosome, it is a male and it portrays male gender identity and male typical behaviors. A fetus with two X chromosomes is a female and portrays female gender identity and female typical behaviors. However, there are rare instances in which the genitalia developed does not correspond to the gender identity or role of a person. This is known as a Disorder of Sexual Difference (DSD) or gender dysphoria. Hormones also have an effect in gender development and identity. In fact, there are two effects in gender development and identity. Hormones influence the development of an individual from conception to sexual maturity on a psychological and behavioral level that distinguish between the sexual characteristics of the individual. Additionally, hormones also have an activational effect which is triggered in adolescence right after the development of the sexual organs. The activational effect triggers the reproduction cycle in sexually mature individuals. This usually begins in late
Anti-androgen medications such as medroxyprogesterone acetate decrease testosterone levels and can reduce deviant sexual perversions in individuals having various paraphilia’s.
...ian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common female endocrine conditions. It affects about 5 to 10 percent of women of reproductive age14. Women who have PCOS often suffer from high levels of hormones called androgens – a steroid hormone that regulates the development of male characteristics-14. This syndrome results in obesity, excessive hair growth, reproductive problems and other health issues.
One of the major biological differences between males and females are hormones. Hormones that were once thought to only be important for pregnancy and sexual drive are now shown to have profound effects on just about every organ in the body.(*) Some researchers believe that higher exposure to estrogen, in females, or androgens, in males, during fetal development not only causes the sex organs to form but also predisposes the infant to behavior that is typically associated with one gender or the other. (*) For example, girls that were exposed to higher than normal prenatal levels of androgens were more likely than other females to engage in “boy-like” behavior and to play with boy’s toys eve...