Almost 8 million people are infected with hookworm (Freary et al), in severe cases it can result in death. On the contrary, epidemiological evidence suggests the hookworm may help with allergies and asthma. Two different scientific tests were performed to see if hookworms could help with symptoms of allergies and asthma. The first study was done to determine if hookworm infection would help airway responsiveness in a person who has allergies. The second study tested “to see the effects of experimental hookworm infection in asthma” (Freary et al). In comparison both the studies were trying to use hookworms as a treatment for issues with people’s immune systems. Contrastingly, the first study (based on allergies) had to be conducted first in order for the second study (asthma) to be conducted due to safety precautions. The allergy study also had to be conducted first to see if anything would even happen. Before these studies were performed there were two similar previously done studies. One of the studies tested hookworm intensity with normal people. It was important to have these studies as information for the two being analyzed for information on safety and the effects. Both of the studies were testing to see if hookworm could improve the symptoms of different issues that people may have in their immune system. One was focusing on hookworm infection and its effect on allergies while the other focused on the effect on asthma. The allergy study had to be tested first in order to make sure the asthma study was safe to perform. Through the studies the researchers hoped to gain knowledge of whether or not hookworms could help or exacerbate the symptoms of allergies and asthma. In the first experiment 30 people who have rhino-conjuncti... ... middle of paper ... ...R, but not substantially. From these experiment many questions and future studies are brought to the table. Some questions about the experiment may include the reliability of the test suspects. Due to the different lifestyles and conditions of each test subject it could have and affect on the results of the experiment. Also the article states that there could have been a mistake in the values of PD__AMP. A future study similar to this may be hookworm’s effect on other disease like issues in the immune system. It would relate to the past two studies because in both of the previously done studies it tested the hookworm’s effect on issues with the immune system. The future studies could be improved by making the test suspects in the most similar conditions and lifestyles as possible. Also they could use a larger number of test subjects to have more accurate results.
In Dunn’s article the passage in which I learned something new is in page 279 where he states that, his friend and his team had discovered antibiotic resistant bacteria in flies that flock around pig farms. Dunn overlooks the nuances of the study; perhaps the actual numbers and types of test done, for the benefit of the non scientific reader to understand the magnitude of the issue.
The article provides specific examples of illnesses and diseases which have been cured by animal testing that both humans and animals have benefitted. This supports my topic of animal experiments being used for medical advancements. Pointing out that law often requires that products be tested before being sold to the public, George and Wagner additionally help prove my claim that product testing is a purpose of animal experimentation.
and Europe, which include reduction of animal use, refine animal study techniques, and animal testing replacement. According to Dana ,Bidnall, “Animals are also used, and subsequently killed, every year in many other types of laboratory experiments, from military testing to simulated car crashes to deliberately introduced diseases such as AIDS and Alzheimer 's”(49). Bidnal also states that, “These experiments take place in labs at universities, pharmaceutical companies, and testing agencies, and on farms and military bases around the world”(49). The author suggest,”Researchers who conduct experiments on animals argue that it would be unethical to test substances with potentially adverse side effects on humans; animals are good surrogates because their responses are similar to humans”(49).Bidnal contends with ,”However, some animals are chosen for other reasons”(49). According to Bindal, “Animal testing is not the only option in toxicity testing”(50). Bidnal states, “Alternatives are widely available and include human clinical and epidemiological studies; experiments with cadavers, volunteers,and patients; computer simulation and mathematical models; and in vitro (test tube) tissue culture techniques, to name just a
Howard, Carol. "Alternative Testing Can Replace Animal Experimentation." AV Magazine CXIII (Spring 2005): 14-15. Rpt. in Animal Experimentation. Ed. Cindy Mur. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.
Hookworm infection is an infection caused by parasitic roundworms that can live in the intestines or lungs. Hookworm infection is uncommon in the United States but is very common in developing parts of the world, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
In both tests the results show very different things. I think the second test was a lot more successful than the first. The main factor that would have overall affected the results would have been the different temperature between the two tests. This and the fact that they were on a different day and the fact that we didn’t have the exact same amount of bugs in the containers would have been the biggest factors that would have disadvantaged our test.
DISCUSS THE PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES POSED BY SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS INFECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD AND MORE SO IN AFRICA AND STATE HOW THE INFECTIONS COULD BE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED.
The respiratory system works in a way that organs in the body are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. One major organ is the lungs; it carries out the exchange of gas as we breathe. During the process of breathing, the mechanism can be obstructed in different ways and that can result in inflammation of the lungs. Different diseases are being generated due to inflammation of the lungs but my case study is on Asthma. Based on the summary of Urata Yoshida, “Asthma is a disease that involves inflammation of the lungs which directly affects the airway and obstructs airflow in and out of the lungs”. (Respir Med. 2002). Majority of the time, asthma starts at a young age more like my case study about 17 years old girl called
A little boy, a husband, and a marathon runner suffer from parasites in their immune systems. Parasites are organisms that live in or on a host. Steve and Laury’s 9 year old son Chris gets infected by a parasite. His temperature rose to 110 fahrenheit. At one point his eyes started to roll back. Seizures started to occur frequently. The doctors revelead that after an MRI he had encephalitis.It causes inflimation to the affected area but inflamation in the brain can be very dangerous. Steroids were used as a testing to see if it was possible for him to get better. Acanthamoeba was tested positive on his body. It enters the body through the nose or skin travels to the brain and feeds of cells.
First, animal testing would provide scientists with new ways to treat diseases. Many vaccines for diseases have been found by testing on animals. For example, millions of people would die per year of diseases that scientists had no idea on how to deal with if they did not take the time experiment on animals first. Heloisa Sabinos of The Wall Street Journal says, “Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year. There could not have been any oral vaccine without the use of innumerable animals, a very large number of animals” (1). Polio is just the start of diseases cured by these tests. Also, Dr. Joseph E. Murray states, “The research almost certainly will enable doctors to treat leukemia, a plastic anemia and lymphoma patients with human bone marrow that is less than perfect match and open the pool of potential organ donors to include animals” (Los Angeles Times 1). As illustrated, animal experimentation will benefit all living things in the lon...
A writer for the Humane Society International elaborates on the situation of the role animal testing has today: “So if we want better quality medical research, safer more effective pharmaceuticals and cures to human diseases, we need to turn the page in the history books and embrace the new chapter—21st century science” (“About Animal Testing”). The author is explaining to the reader that with the technology available today the use of animal testing is outdated. So, the people who are against what is being done to these creatures can go to sleep without a worry and the companies who follow a different path. Besides, animal testing can still have the advances they are striving for while saving money. The testing done on animals is expensive and the alternative of using computer generated trials will save the companies a great deal of money
Thesis: Because animal testing has harmful effects on the animal, it should not be used.
In conclusion, animal experiments has proved to be an essential part of our society and it has many manifested changing results with regards to vaccination, antibiotics and modern medications. These are all derived from the animal testing and researched by professionals, following of laws and regulations which are put in place to ensure the security of experimented animals’ wellbeing. Furthermore, in some cases animal can also benefits from these experiments as particular animal diseases have been prevented. This is directly associated to the decent research experiments, as animals are appropriate test subjects compare to the volunteer human subjects due to the use of invasive experiment procedure which is unacceptable to impose on human.
When considering the advantages and disadvantages of animal research, it is important to take into account the successes that have emerged from animal research, like the development of psychotropic medications. The use of animal research has helped some way in the development of everything from the Tuberculosis cure, to the Polio vaccine, to the treatment of AIDS (Gluck, 2003).