The most widely used method for synthesizing citric acid was discovered by an American chemist named James Currie in 1917 in order to contend with the lack of citrus imports caused by the First World War. This method requires the fungus culture “Aspergillus niger”. This mould is fairly common in nature but special strains are used by the major citric acid producing companies to increase the fungus’s production of citric acid. This method involves substances that contain glucose such as simple sugar or molasses being fed to the fungus. The fungus uses the glucose as food and produces citric acid and carbon dioxide as waste products. When the peak concentration of citric acid is reached, the mould would be filtered out. A solution of base, such as calcium hydroxide, would then be added to the solution to create a salt, in the case of calcium hydroxide, the salt, calcium citrate, will be produced. The formula for calcium citrate is Ca3(C6H5O7)2. The equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide and citric acid is (3Ca(OH)2 + 2H3C6H5O7 -> Ca3(C6H5O7)2 + 3H2). After the salt is filtered out, the citric acid is regenerated from the salt by adding an acid. Sulphuric acid is commonly used in this process. The equation for the reformation of citric acid from the salt, calcium citrate, is (3H2SO4 + Ca3(C6H5O7)2 -> H3C6H5O7 + 3CaSO4). The additional product, calcium sulphate is a precipitate and can be filtered out leaving an isolated citric acid as the only remaining product. The two widely used methods of fermentation are submerged and surface fermentation. They are relatively similar with the only difference being in surface fermentation the fungus would grow on top of the glucose that is being fed to it. Submerged fermen...
... middle of paper ...
...ar. 2012. .
"How to Extract Citric Acid From The Juice of Citrus Fruits." Gomestic. 09 Aug. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. .
"Manufacturer & Supplier of Guar | Thickeners | Gums | Gelling Agents." Chemtotal Pty Ltd.Web. 07 Mar. 2012. .
"PH Scale." Chembook. Elmhurst. Web. 07 Mar. 2012. .
Robinson, Allan. "How To Make Citric Acid." EHow. Demand Media, 19 July 2009. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. .
"Standardizing a Sodium Hydroxide Solution." CSIP Student Inquiry Projects. Cornell
"Yeast." Gluten Free Diet. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. .
The purpose for this experiment was to determine why it was not possible to obtain a high percent yield when Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with a concentration of 0.101 M was mixed with Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M at varying volumes yielding Calcium Iodate precipitate and Potassium Nitrate. Filtration was used to filter the precipitates of the solutions. The percent yield for solution 1 was 87.7%, and the percent yield for solution 2 was 70.8%. It was not possible to obtain a high percent yield because Calcium Iodate is not completely soluble and some of the precipitates might have been rinsed back to the filtrates when ethanol was used to remove water molecules in the precipitate.
2. Cooper, M. M., Cooperative Chemistry Laboratory Manual, McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, 2009, p. 60.
The experimental Fischer esterification of 8.92g of acetic acid with 5.0g of isopentyl alcohol using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst yielded 4.83g (65.3% yield) of isopentyl acetate. The product being isopentyl acetate was confirmed when the boiling point during distillation had similar characteristics to that of the literature boiling points2. Physical characteristics like color and smell also concluded a match of our product with what was intended. 1H-NMR spectroscopy analysis supported this claim due to the fact that the integration values and chemical shifts were comparable to isopentyl acetate. Lastly, infrared spectroscopy (IR) showed similar key characteristics of our product’s wavelengths to that of pure isopentyl acetate5.
This lab contains two different procedures to titrating vinegar. One procedure uses phenolphthalein while the other uses a pH meter. Bothe procedures can be found on “An Analysis of a Household Acid: Titrating Vinegar” by the Department of Chemistry at APSU.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
Church, L. B. "The Chemistry of Winemaking. An Unique Lecture Demonstration." Journal of Chemical Education 49.3 (1972): 174. Print.
Citrus fruit are not just used for fresh fruit and juice. It has many other uses. One is in jellies and in other preserves. Preserves include marmalades and crystallized fruits. A by-product of citrus production is ...
...id, acetic acid, formic acid, H₂ and CO₂ as fermentation products which increases ecological, industrial and basic bioenergetics interests in this particularly thermophilic bacterial specie.
In this lab, I determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions only using two different compounds and water. The two compounds used were Magnesium Hydroxide and Citric Acid. Both compounds were in there solid states in powder form. Magnesium Hydroxide was mixed with water and the change in heat was measured using a thermometer. The next reaction combined citric acid and magnesium hydroxide in water. The change in heat was measured as well. For the third reaction citric acid was placed in water to measure the change in heat. In the last reaction, citric acid was combined with water. The heat exchanged was again measured. It is obvious we were studying the calorimetry of each reaction. We used a calorimeter
Strong heating of calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide. tlcQeA from tlcQeA coursewrok tlcQeA work tlcQeA info tlcQeA CaCO3(s) à ƒaO (s) + CO2 (g)coce cer sececew orce cek ince foce ce. Limestone is given the equation CaO, slaked lime is produced when CaO reacts with water, this is where further amount of H2O is added which turns this into a saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. Ca(OH)2 (aq) and is used for tests to show the presence of CO2.
A condenser and heat reflux was used to prevent reagents from escaping. Then the solid product was vacuum filtered. The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown
Offering a high quality range of Guar Gum which is used for preparation of Guar Churi, Guar Korma and Guar Gum Splits.
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in
... that involves crushed limestone being mixed with water. This forms a slurry. It is then sparayed into the area containing sulfur dioxide. This reacts to form a aqueos slurry of calcium sulphate. Compressed air is then blown into this slurry. This oxididses the calcium sulfite to form calcium sulphate. The product is treated to remove excess waterand is disposed in land fills.
The acid base reaction was identified knowing compounds containing OH are bases and compounds with H+ are considered acids. The reactions were also identified as metathesis because “bimolecular reaction involve only two reactants” ( During the reactions, it was observed when potassium aluminum hydroxide was mixed with sulfuric acid, the transparency of the mixture was altered from clear to opaque and the consistency of the mixture was described as a slushy-like. The mixture had to be heated on a hot plate in order to prevent the formation of solid material taking place prematurely while the sulfuric acid was still being added. After being heated, the consistency of the mixture was liquefied than before without the almost solid material present. The final reaction took place when alum crystals were formed when the products of the two previous reactions reacted with each other. The potassium sulfate in the second reaction, the aluminum sulfate in the third reaction, and the water from both reactions became the reactants used in the final reaction of alum