Mobility and Employment
Apart from the urbanization that is taking place across all nations, the management theory of organization structure has also evolved drastically over the past century (Hall et al., 2012). Historically, centralization was once the dominating way of structuring an organization, which was denoted by the division of labour and its efficiency in completing the assigned tasks in separated and departmentalized functions, whereas a decentralized organization empowered her employees with decision-making across different level of organizational hierarchy. It is increasingly common for companies employing a decentralized decision-making approach, due to market forces such as competition, shift of consumer preferences, and technological advances. Proponents argued “only through the participation of employees in the decision-making process is it possible substantially to enhance the organization’s performance” (Carroll and Karim, 2011). In response to this contemporary management belief, companies begins to modify their job descriptions to meet the various skill sets one would need in an empowered role. The multi-facets job requirement has an implication to the importance of mobility, as an employee might be required to work in remote sites, as supposed to a centralized office, to perform his day-to-day duties. For instance of Toronto, where many financial services headquarters reside, sees many workers with a higher needs of travelling. A regular retail banker may no longer sits in his office all day, but to visit prospective clients, participate in investment roadshows from business partners, or attain managerial meetings at a different branch location.
Furthermore, It is well to stress that the urban renewal poli...
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... social services. The improvement of transportation and infrastructure should be the goal of local policy-makers. By establishing a more comprehensive transportation services in the low-income area, subway and transportation will attract new businesses in the local area where previously inaccessible. Meanwhile, it introduces positive economic implications such as job creations and business expansions. The new transportation stations will require maintenance from new employees like maintenance worker, cleaning workers and train operators, whereas business owners can consider the probable investment opportunities now that these remote locations would generate a consistent flow of commuters. Hence, improving public transportation can increase the urban poor’s accessibility to employment, social services and leads to polarization reduction and increasing social equity.
In today’s fast-paced, highly-competitive global marketplace, many companies are embracing the less cumbersome and more flexible decentralized human resource approach. However, there are advantages to centralization and some business professionals point out that in the global marketplace:
On the one hand, it is understandable if some people think that governments should expand more railroads rather than roads and streets. Firstly, it is obvious that when a country has extensive rail networks, it will positively affect the logistic cost. The selling price of many products would be cheaper since a single locomotive could carry tonnes of crops, goods or liquid products. Secondly, by building integrated subway stations in city
...by preventing access to potential places of employment and to positive network influences. Therefore, to solve the growing problem of jobless poverty the government should look towards developing mixed-use developments without strict zoning laws and increasing the public transportation infrastructures in cities.
This investigation is conducted using a relative accessibility deprivation indicator (RADI) by using the estimated amount of distances travelled in Toronto ” (Páez, Farber, Mercado, Roorda, & Morency, 2013, p. 817). Results show, having a transportation infrastructure in place allows for an increased travelling distance for all groups. In contrast, it is said that private vehicles have a “large positive effect” (Páez, Farber, Mercado, Roorda, & Morency, 2013, p. 835) for single-home females, however, it is acknowledged that in Toronto owning a vehicle will not provide much help. is due to the accessible transit system in the downtown core and the number of jobs in the
Transport is a political factor as it is controlled and affected by legislation. This will impact on the staff and opponents (travelling to the stadium) as the accessibility of transport will impact on travelling times – both positively (may avoid traffic on a train e.g.) and negatively (trains, buses etc. may be cancelled or delayed). The price of transportation will also affect the mode of transport that these groups of people may use. Similarly, price and accessibility of transport will affect the consumers also. The view that consumers hold on transport, therefore, is likely to impact on the business i.e. effort to travel, money to travel etc. as this will influence how often they will visit, what they will spend during their visit etc. According to (Mintel 2011,) the amount of people using train as a mode of transport is on the rise, mea...
Every organization varies in size and shape, with staffs stretching from mostly homogeneous to absolutely diverse and effective working of organizations requires management of both. In today’s globalized world many organization have a diverse workforce that is a direct result of human mobility, that is more and more people are moving from place to place for seeking new homes, job opportunities and foreign workers in search of new employment opportunities in other countries. It has resulted in job relocation, increased job specialization and cultural diversity around the world. Globalization has created a million of new jobs but with the requirement of a specialized workforce which in turn drive people to migrate to places that
Transportation access for poor people and wealthy people will become more equal. In particular, social justice advocates contended that there was a relationship between social inequality and environmental inequality that needed to be recognized and understood more clearly. When it came to social justice issues, mainstream environmentalist did not focus on environmental inequalities to the extent they should have. The minorities and the poor lived in the most degraded environments. For poor people especially in the village or in a rural places most of them there are no own car. So, most people in that area use their neighbor’s vehicles for transportation. Other than that, in some cases, some people in rural areas which have their
In this essay, I will discuss the topic of urban public transportation and how it relates to the Church and Wellesley BIA. The nature of transportation in Toronto is a highly complex topic. As discussed in the article Transportation: The Bottleneck of Regional Competitiveness in Toronto, there are many concerns with transportation in regards to international transport, roads, highways, rails, bike lanes, buses etc. (Keil, Roger, Young, 2008). These transportation variables all have a greater economic, health, and environmental impact. The article goes on to describe that mobility in Toronto suffers because its management is uncoordinated, and there is a gap in regional interaction (Keil, Roger, Young 2008). The scope of this essay will be to
According to our textbook, organizational structures are defined as “how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated (Judge and Robbins 432).” Once being rigid and highly centralized, the past 50 years have brought forth a shift to these structures, now being more flexible and decentralized. There are many advantages and disadvantages that come with both of the structure types. These new flexible and decentralized structures have affected employee/manager relationships by allowing more effective decision making, improving contact between lower level to higher level workers, and motivating the employees and local managers. They have also impacted organizational strategies in various ways.
(In this research case, I want to know what the key factors of the profitable MTR system are. In another word, what conditions other cities in developing countries need in order to successfully replicate the MTR rail-property development model.)
The steady march of time heralds many changes to what we perceive as the traditional workplace. steady roles and reliable traditions and behaviours of management too must change so that their workplace remains effective and competitive. This essay details two significant changes that most workplaces are, or will, face and the challenges they bring. These challenges are the effects of increasing job mobility, and the diversification of the workforce. This essay also suggests ways that these challenges can be met by modern theories of management detailed below.
The important feature of economic development at the beginning of the XXI century is a move from an industrial to a postindustrial economy. Globalization and “dramatic advances in technology that sustains work across vast spatial and temporal boundaries” (Hinds, et al., 2011, p.135) facilitated greater economic, social, and cultural connectivity, and sometimes interdependence between people in different parts of the world (Mohammed, & Angell, 2004). Organizations structures broke the frames of functional departments and business divisions. To survive in contemporary business environment organizations have to radically adapt their cultures, structures, systems and processes to cope with increasing functional and cultural diversity.
Transit oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban planning where commercial and residential areas revolve around the public transportation system. It originated in the post-World War II era where urbanization took place rapidly . This is because TODs can minimize the negative impacts of rapid urbanization such as congestion and pollution by encouraging the use of public transport over private transport. In this essay, I will first introduce the concept of TOD. Then I will use Hong Kong as a case study to demonstrate how this concept can be implemented
Both employing organizations and individuals must be prepared for the coming changes or fund their success limited. As for businesses, globalization and a rapidly evolving workforce are redefining how we think about competence, creativity, productivity, and the structuring of organizations.
In today's business environment, there is sustained pressure for companies to maximize productivity in order to be competitive in the marketplace. Many businesses are moving a variety of activities, such as manufacturing and product development, to countries with low labour costs. They are also opening up sales channels in many new markets. The resulting global organizations need to structure themselves, so that they can effectively manage operations across numerous locations. This paper looks at how the organizational structure of a global company influences decision-making at the regional level, and how this can affect the business performance. This paper will: