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universal declaration of human rights article
universal declaration of human rights article
universal declaration of human rights article
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The countless women and girls of the Democratic Republic of the Congo who are raped and beaten at the hands of the military experience gross and widespread violations of their right to “life, liberty, and security of person” as endowed upon them by Article 3 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . On the reverse end of a tragic dilemma, these same forcibly recruited soldiers acting as agents of the state experienced a violation of their right to not “be held in slavery or servitude” as is set forth in Article 4 of the aforementioned statute . Many Syrians, citizens of a nation in the throes of a brutal civil war, are undergoing torture and detention at the behest of their own government’s forces which starkly encroaches upon both their rights not to “be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment” nor to “be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile” as are promulgated by Articles 5 and 9 respectively . In yet another corner of the globe, ethnic Tibetans and Uighurs have their rights to “protection against any discrimination” trampled upon systematically by the ruling Chinese Communist Party in a direct contradiction to the protections afforded by Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . These are merely a few of the myriad examples of human rights violations occurring on a widespread basis across the world with varying degrees of severity and frequency. Ostensibly, human rights are inalienable, universal, irrevocable, and to be staunchly defended. While this platitude is agreeable in theory, in practice a far less lofty reality is the norm. Certain incursions by certain actors warrant one set of responses, or lack thereof, whereas othe...
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... International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001.
Human Rights Watch. World Report 2013. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2013.
Nickel, James. “Human Rights.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2014., 2014. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/rights-human/.
“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.
U.S. Army Center of Military History. “The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994.” Accessed May 7, 2014. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm#p5.
United Nations Security Council. “Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ Over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians.” Department of Public Information, March 17, 2011. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm.
After the initial remarks, the author presents the four myths by setting out the works of several scholars. Marks identifies the first myth as “The Myth of Presumptive Universality”. She presents Joseph Raz’s views that we have human rights not because we are human, but because those rights simply exist. Raz also claims that the rights that we have adopted are biased and do not respect the cultural diversity of the world. The scholar claims that if rights were truly universal then we should’ve had a higher
There have been many humanitarians that strive to help countries suffering with human right abuses. People think that the help from IGOs and NGOs will be enough to stop human rights violations. However, it hasn’t been effective. Every day, more and more human rights violations happen. The problem is escalating. People, including children, are still being forced to work to death, innocent civilians are still suffering the consequences of war, and families are struggling to stay firm together. Despite the efforts from the people, IGOs, and NGOs, In the year 2100, human rights abuse will not end.
The issue of human rights has arisen only in the post-cold war whereby it was addressed by an international institution that is the United Nation. In the United Nation’s preamble stated that human rights are given to all humans and that there is equality for everyone. There will not be any sovereign states to diminish its people from taking these rights. The globalization of capitalism after the Cold War makes the issue of human rights seems admirable as there were sufferings in other parts of the world. This is because it is perceived that the western states are the champion of democracy which therefore provides a perfect body to carry out human rights activities. Such human sufferings occur in a sovereign state humanitarian intervention led by the international institution will be carried out to end the menace.
Genocide is a pressing issue with a multitude of questions and debates surrounding it. It is the opinion of many people that the United Nations should not get involved with or try to stop ongoing genocide because of costs or impositions on the rights of a country, but what about the rights of an individual? The UN should get involved in human rights crimes that may lead to genocide to prevent millions of deaths, save money on humanitarian aid and clean up, and fulfill their responsibilities to stop such crimes. It is preferable to stop genocide before it occurs through diplomacy, but if necessary, military force may be used as a last resort. Navi Pillay, Human Rights High Commissioner, stated, “Concerted efforts by the international community at critical moments in time could prevent the escalation of violence into genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or ethnic cleansing.”
Paine, Thomas. 2009. "The rights of man." Rights of Man 1. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed February 27, 2011).
The idea of human rights has arguably been the most debated and controversial subject in history. Who gets them, what do they consist of, and how do we enforce such a subjective idea? Answers to these questions have been given tested by the greatest leaders and brightest philosophers, yet in modern times parts of society still contests what constitutes as a human right and who gets them. The six primary documents we read this past week allowed us an insight into how the idea of human rights has been discussed throughout time.
On the cultural challenge for universal human rights, some claims historical root of human rights in Europe and America, where there are several declarations of rights and revolutions to claim a tradition of struggling for the right. Hence, the fulfill of universal human rights in other areas may come up with a significant challenge. (Kühnhardt 1991) Universal human rights also are seen as a newly formed capitalism and would intervene state sovereignty.1 Another middle approach is to search a reconciliation through cross-cultural or intercultural dialog and recognition of plurality. (Etzioni 2010; Yu 2005; An-Naim 1995), an even universality of human rights should be reached by cultural dialog.(Donnelly 1984) Back to the construction of United Nations and the tuning point of drafting the UDHR, it is a deep reflection to inhuman atrocities and moves forward to considering how to intervene states overpower to violate human rights. However, while debating human rights within cultural diversity, the issue of human wrongs disappeared.(Chen 2010) Either jumping into a linear historical prospect or
Schulte, Bettina, Dadaab spokeswoman, UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, (2011 July 13), General format, Retrieved from http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/07/13/worlds-greatest-ongoing-humanitarian-disaster-reaches-a-crisis-point/
The complex issue of humanitarian intervention is widely argued and inherently controversial. Humanitarian intervention involves the coercive action of states intervening in areas for the sole purpose of preventing or halting the killing or suffering of the people there. (1, 9, 5) It is an issue argued fervently amongst restrictionists and counter-restrictionists, who debate over whether humanitarian intervention is a breach of international law or a moral requirement. (10) Restrictionists argue that Articles 2 (7) and 2 (4) of the United Nations (UN) Charter render forcible humanitarian intervention illegal. The only legitimate exception to this, they claim, is the right to self defence, as enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. (1-472) This position is contested by counter-restrictionists, who insist that any and all nations have the right, and the responsibility, to prevent humanitarian disasters. (8-5) Despite the declaration of a ‘new world order’, the post-Cold war world has not been a more peaceful one: regional and ethnic conflicts have, in fact, proliferated. Between 1989 and 1993, for example, thirteen new peacekeeping operations were launched by th...
Abraham Lincoln once stated, “Whenever there is a conflict between human rights and property rights, human rights must prevail.” Upon the foundation of this country, a person’s basic rights are granted under the Declaration of Independence. Our democratic political system is constructed to ensure every citizen their rights are protected by this document. The founding fathers of this country formulated this document to keep this nation together and establish a sense of freedom, justice, and liberty. Race, gender, economic and political status, and types of communities are various factors that come into play when deciding means of action on a national and local level. Social determinants constrain and predict the quality of living in particular geographic locations. In many struggling communities, equal opportunities are not made available for residents compared to a community where they are not deprived of resources because of their social status. Although there are an ample amount of federally funded programs offered throughout the country, the process of gaining access and acceptance into these programs complicates the situation on many people. With such tight regulations on who is eligible to apply for government assisted programs, it increases the numbers of victims of poverty. Imagine being denied because your income does not meet the criteria or getting denied because you were previously evicted due to lack of funds. It is unjust for people to be put under this type of stress if they are potentially falling into the lines of poverty and homelessness.
Rights have been and continue to be violated across the world on both massive and miniscule scales. With rights violations being a constant issue, it is necessary, although it may be difficult, to determine which violations are human rights violations. Two aspects are crucial in this process: universality and paramountcy. Although practicability is also set forth as a criterion by Maurice Cranston, it is not as crucial when determining which acts violate human rights, or when they came into existence. This is due to the fact that when trying to distinguish between rights and human rights, almost all rights, not just specifically human rights, can, in some way, be practicable. For this reason, practicability, for the purpose of this essay, is
Magno, A., (2001) Human Rights in Times of Conflict: Humanitarian Intervention . Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 2 (5). [online] Available from: [Accessed 2 March 2011]
While on one hand there is a growing consensus that human rights are universal on the other exist critics who fiercely oppose the idea. Of the many questions posed by critics revolve around the world’s pluri-cultural and multipolarity nature and whether anything in such a situation can be really universal.
Justice can be defined as, valuing the diversity and challenging the injustice in society while human rights refer to, benefits an individual enjoys by virtual of being a human being. Justice is said to exist when all citizens share a general humanity and, therefore, experience equitable treatment, fair community resource sharing and human right support. According to justice citizens are not supposed to be discriminated, nor their well being or welfare prejudiced or constrained on the lines of gender, religion, age, belief, race, political affiliation and even sexuality.
A human right is a person’s obligation to ensure he or she lives a happy, secure, and innocuous life to the best of his or her abilities. A person has the liberty to desire such a life and fight for it. He or she is free to determine their conception of happiness. Others may suggest and influence another person’s definition of happiness but, ultimately, it is a person’s free will to establish what makes him or her happy. Whether it is simple or grand, one may choose a life that fits his or her perceptions of existing contentedly. Moreover, a person has the right to a secure life. Although safety can be relative and rhetorical, one has the freedom to seek security. One can protect themselves and their way of living. If he or she believes a fence or an alarm system is required to guard his or her safety, then he or she has the right to implement them. Furthermore, a person has the responsibility to achieve a joyful, safe life without harming others. Though one has the right to better themselves, he or she must do so with minimal collateral damage. Humans are flawed. Mistakes happen. Ho...