Liquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled "Liquid-Liquid Extraction.” Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARY Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... middle of paper ... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well. Nomenclature Symbol Definition Units Xf Concentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene (gm/mL) Xr Concentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL) Ys Concentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL) m slope of the equilibrium line dimensions e extraction factor dimensions N number of theoretical stages dimensions Zt actual height of experimental column (inches) HETS height of equivalent theoretical stages (inches) References Robbins, L. A., “Liquid-Liquid Extraction”, in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984) Allerton, J., “Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers.” American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39:361-384 (1943).
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Church, L. B. "The Chemistry of Winemaking. An Unique Lecture Demonstration." Journal of Chemical Education 49.3 (1972): 174. Print.
Spellman. F, 2000, The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications, Second Edition, CRC Press, Page 76
LNG carriers, or Liquid natural gas carriers, are large tankers carrying liquefied natural gas. A relatively new industry, LNG carriers offer a promising alternative mode of transporting natural gas because the liquid state is 500 times more condensed. There are currently over 400 LNG carriers in the world, but each company in the industry is pushing those numbers. The key to this industry is to expand the amount of terminals for LNG Carriers, and this is the greatest barrier to both new entrants, and success. Overcoming this, and continuously looking for ways to make the extraction process easier, is the keys
The fuels are Ethanol, Propanol, Propan-2-ol. Butanol and Butan-2-ol. Setting up the practicals. Because there are some restrictions on the time we are going to have to perform the experiment, we are first going to find out a set up. that would allow us to produce definite results quickly.
- Moisture content determination, particle size distribution, sample storage and management, screening (wet & dry). - Size by size analysis, pulverizing of samples, splitting of samples and core cutting. - Screening and ultrafine grinding, flotation, leaching and solvent extraction. Personal Attributes Highly developed computer and technical skills, with the capacity to utilise various systems and programs. Excellent communication skills with the ability to interact with a range of colleagues and customers.
The theoretical yield of the m-nitrobenzoate was de-termined to be 4.59 grams. The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front was 8 centimeters.
The hypothesis that was formed in this experiment was that decantation and distillation were the techniques that would be successful in separating the three layered substances. The oil on top of the mixture was to be decanted solely, and the salt and sand layers would be distilled and separated together on filter paper on top of boiling hot water. The reason that the oil is decanted is because it doesn’t mingle with the salt and sand layers, and in addition it was the top layer, which was thought to have been easy to separate first. And as for the sand and salt, sand doesn’t mix and dissolve in water compared to salt, which does in fact dissolve, so distillation was thought to be the proper solution to separating the two
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
For this experiment we have to use physical methods to separate the reaction mixture from the liquid. The physical methods that were used are filtration and evaporation. Filtration is the separation of a solid from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous material, such as filter paper. Evaporation is when you place the residue and the damp filter paper into a drying oven to draw moisture from it by heating it and leaving only the dry solid portion behind (Lab Guide pg. 33.).
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
The experiment should be carried out AWAY from the sunlight. Before beginning the experiment, we need to make sure that the benzene used in the experiment is free of toluene and water. To do this, we must put anhydrous calcium chloride into a flask o...
The performance curves based on the ethylene glycol solution will be compared to those developed using water as the base to examine the effect, if any, the viscosity and density of the liquid has on the pump.
Živković, Snežana; Takić, Ljiljana; Živković, Nenad UNAPREĐENJE EKOLOŠKIH PERFORMANSI PRIMENOM STANDARDA ISO 14001 - STUDIJA SLUČAJ.. Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p541-552. 12p. DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ120513088Z. ,
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.