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How do values affect decision making in business
The influence of personal values on decision making
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“Altruism and Indirect Reciprocity: The Interaction of Person and Situation in Prosocial Behavior” was based significantly off of the findings of the study done by David De Cremer called “Why Prosocials Exhibit Greater Cooperation then Proselfs: The Roles of Social Responsibility and Reciprocity.” Both studies preliminarily tested the college students with a social value orientation test to classify the participants as either prosocial or proself. Next, the participants participated in series of “games” that differed in each study. De Cremer used scenarios that allowed the participant to decide how many chips (a made up source of perceived value) they wanted to contribute to either a group or partner, followed by an inquiry as to how responsible they felt to “further the collective interest.” This study aimed to understand the different behaviors and feelings associated with being prosocial or proself. For example, it was found that a prosocial feel more socially responsible and want to restore equality in outcomes of situations, therefore increasing their tendency to behave cooperatively. The “Altruism and Indirect Reciprocity” study went through scenarios in which the participants would participate in “dictator games” in which they were given two opportunities to help another person, once in public the other in private. This study aimed to explain why certain people behave in prosocial ways. For example, the study found that altruists were more likely to …show more content…
De Cremer established the main differences between prosocials and proselfs as being the way that they feel about their role in society therefore influencing their behavior within society. Brent Simpson and Robb Willer use these findings to establish a base for their own study about the relationship between altruism and indirect reciprocity. They use previous data to formulate a hypothesis that aims to explain why people act
The two competing theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain the development of morality are cognitive-behavioral and cognitive-developmental. The cognitive-behavioral approach is taken by Liebert, and the cognitive-developmental approach is taken by Kohlberg.
By definition, altruism is "the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others". Through vigorous analysis, however, I have established it to be a complex ideology whose followers can be divided into three categories: slaves, abusers, and advocates. The slave abides by the ideals of 'pure' altruism. In other words, he does not act according to personal need or desire; humanity is all that matters. This is altruism in its purest form and is the branch of altruism which envelopes Catherine and allows her to feel a sense of purpose. Yet, much more common is the abuser of altruism. He is the altruist who ascertains and seizes any opportunity for personal gain by abusing the ostensibly philanthropic ideology. As ironic as this seems, it is common practice for one to proffer with the intention of receiving something in return. Peter Keating demonstrates how such an abuser manipulates altruism into a golden ladder by which he may reach success. Reigning over even the most conniving abuser is the omnipot...
We can say a general understanding of altruism is a selfless behavior intended for the benefit of others at a personal cost to the individual who is preforming that behavior. These behaviors will have no obvious gain for the provider and could also have obvious costs for the one carrying out the behavior. Taking all of this into consideration can we say whether true altruism exists or not? It does not exist because no matter what you do whether it be giving a beggar a dollar or saving someone’s life you are going into a loss but you get something in return no matter what it is varying from fame to a feeling of satisfaction.
Principle of Reciprocity: Human nature has indoctrinated us a value that “one good turn deserves another.” We feel that if a form of kindness is extended to us, the best way to show our appreciation is to give them something back in return. The added incentive is that in reciprocity, trust is built and relationships are born. In a business setting, reciprocity can be gleamed in brand loyalty. Free samples that are given induce clients to buy a product. A positive experience will draw an audience closer.
Prosocial Behavior is exhibited through actions that are directed towards the promotion of another’s well-being. Examples of these behaviors are helping, comforting, sharing, and cooperation. The term was coined in the 1970s and introduced as an antonym for “antisocial behavior.” Extensive study on prosocial behavior was conducted after an incident involving a young girl named Kitty Genovese, wherein she was murdered on her way home from work; she cried for help and although many heard her, none came to her aid until it was far too late (Cherry, 2005). This study aims to determine the students of De La Salle University who display and possess prosocial behavior as well as the reasons as to why they behave prosocially. The researchers conducted
My attention was also drawn to several questions in this podcast, which made me eager to find the answers to these questions. For example, one interesting question I heard was “when you do see generosity how do you know it’s really generous” (Levy, 2010). This question stood out to me because it is one particular question I don’t think about often and made me wonder whether people help someone out because they see it as a duty. However, I believe the best answer to this question is the portrayal of the concept of norm of reciprocity, which indicates “the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future” (Akert, Aronson, & Wilson, 2013, p.303). This is true because “generosity” happens when both persons are nice to each other and if an individual helps another person then it’s easy to assume that the person who was
Prosociality can be defined as a wide umbrella of behaviors and attitudes that are generally positive towards other people. Prosociality fits into the “Big Five” set of traits under agreeableness. This is still a broad term, but it is broken up into two major categories, which are politeness and compassion. Politeness is more like the tendency to respect people, conform to social norms, and ignore aggressive impulses. However, generosity tends to fit under compassion better. Compassion is the tendency to have concern for others and the urge to help them. A series of games were created in order to point out the differences in generosity and reciprocity. A major outcome that was found in this study is that humans care for the needs of others and have the want to help them. A study was created to find new social preferences, find differences in these preferences, and address limitations. The results show that social preferences for someone who is tolerant and forgiving, therefore portraying
People perpetrate seemingly selfless acts almost daily. You see it all over the news; the man who saved that woman from a burning building, the mother who sacrificed herself to protect her children from the bomb blast. But how benevolent are these actions? Are these so-called “heroes” really sacrificing themselves to help others? Until recently, it was the common belief that altruism, or selfless and unconditional kindness, was limited primarily to the human race. However, within the last century, the works of several scientists, most prominently George Price, have provided substantial evidence concluding that altruism is nothing more than a survival technique, one that can be calculated with a simple equation.
...t altruism cannot exists and if a reciprocal altruism appears it will later on change into egoism or it will be overtaken by the group’s leader, and his altruism or egoism.
There are two specific “demands” that Gouldner writes about reciprocity and how it should be in its universal form. These two demands are “people should help those who have helped them and people should not injure those who have helped them.” The norm of reciprocity is viewed as something that is supposed to be in everyone’s values and hope that everyone is taking this into consideration when they are going through their life. But people have different views and see their own form of reciprocity; they have been brought up to think a certain way. They have seen how family members, friends and acquaintances treat reciprocity, so they take that view and that is how they also do it when they grow
For someone who believes in psychological egoism, i t is difficult to find an action that would be acknowledged as purely altruistic. In practice, altruism, is the performance of duties to others with no view to any sort of personal...
1. For most people in most situations, the ‘altruistic gain/personal loss’ ratio needed to reliably motivate self-sacrificing action is large.
Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., and Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Dept. of psychology, faculty of social science, the university of western ontario, canada, (1981). Retrieved from http://www.subjectpool.com/ed_teach/y3project/Rushton1981
Altruism, or the act of helping someone with no expectations, is a part of everyday life. The debate on whether or not it exists is highly debated, but I am more concerned with what factors affect a person displaying altruism. Some factors to consider are gender, age, heritability, or simply if empathy for others, effects people’s tendencies to be altruistic.
Even without knowledge of the precise definition of prosocial behavior, these charitable deeds are classically praised and rewarded in infants and children. This conditioning makes it difficult to trace prosocial behavior to an evolutionary (innate) or a learned/conditioned behavior promoted by adult caretakers. Most studies have seen the first traces of prosocial behavior in the second year of life with the actions of helping, sharing, etc. (Decety and Jackson 2004). Several theories propose answers to why prosocial behavior happens. The egoistic hypothesis suggests that helping behavior is motivated by self-benefits such as the reduction of negative emotions aroused by witnessing others in distress, avoiding punishment, or cultural acceptance and approval. An opposing thought, the empathy-altruism hypothesis, theorizes that empathetic concern felt for the person in need elicits altruistic behavior to help finalize a task. A child’s altruistic behavior is not easily explained. For example, a toddler assisting in household chores could be purely other-focused with an intention to help accomplish a task or could be a practice of role-taking in society where the child is focused on mastering a task thought to be valued in society (Davidov et. al. 2016). To reach prosperity in our species, the evolutionary need for