Osteoarthritis has been studied in-depth throughout history and all over the world. There are multiple, possible, solutions for alleviating pain caused by depleting cartilage, although a cure has not been found. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease and is idiopathic.
The first theme consists of the findings from a study conducted by Felson and Nevitt, they discovered the effects of estrogen on osteoarthritis. This study emphasizes how osteoarthritis is more commonly found in females then it is in males, since menopause causes a considerable loss of estrogen. They proved this by comparing animal studies to humans. The animal studies that were conducted discovered when ovarectomized animals are placed on estrogen replacement therapy it hinders the disease from progressing (Felson & Nevitt, 1998). Through animal studies, estrogen replacement therapy has become an extraordinary medical finding and is helpful to those individuals who primarily lose a significant amount of estrogen during menopause.
Another theme is age, a factor when dealing with osteoarthritis which, is predominately found in patients over the age of sixty-five (Straub,Wolff, Fassold, Hofbauer, Chover-Gonzalez, Richards, & Jessop, 2008). However, Felson and Nevitt (1998) found that women have a higher chance of being diagnosed with osteoarthritis due to the decrease of estrogen after menopause. Menopause usually occurs in the female population around the age of fifty and can last months or even years depending on the individual. During this time period estrogen decreases, which is a vital hormone for bone growth, this escalates the onset of osteoarthritis.
The final theme is how NSAIDs, a drug that reduces pain, are currently used for osteoarthritis to re...
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...on hyponosis and jacobson relaxation. European Journal of Pain, 30(5), 1-17.
Gordon, A., Callaghan, D., & Spink, D. (2010). Buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, followed by an open-label extension phase. Clinical Therapeutics, 32(5), 844-860.
Jessop, D. S., Fassold, A., Wolff, C., Hofbauer, R., Chover-Gonzalez, A., Richards, L. J. and Straub, R. H. (2010), Endomorphins in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and experimental arthritis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1193(2), 117–122.
Straub, R. H., Wolff, C., Fassold, A., Hofbauer, R., Chover-Gonzalez, A., Richards, L. J. and Jessop, D. S. (2008), Antiinflammatory role of endomorphins in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 58(2), 456–466.
Osteoporosis comes from the latin word meaning “porous bone”. If you were to look closely at a bone you could see there are these small spaces on the bone which is good, now if you look at someone who suffers from osteoporosis you will see these spaces are much larger. As these spaces become larger it takes away from the strength and integrity of the bone making it grow weak and thin. Osteoporosis is most common in women over the age of 50 and gives them a higher risk of fractures and or breaks especially common in the hips. While we know osteoporosis comes from a number of things it can be broken down to age, the hormonal changes most commonly seen in menopause and a lower intake of Vitamin D and Calcium. Age is the unpreventable factor that doctors or you cannot change. Hormonal changes can be fixed with supplements or hormone therapy along with ones intake of Vitamin D and Calcium. Hormone therapy, estrogen alone or the combination of estrogen and progestin have been proven to prevent and aide in the treatment of osteoporosis in
I should not include estrogen increase osteoblast apoptosis and thereby decreases the onset of osteoporosis. Estrogen promote osteoblast by limiting apoptotic cell death which leads decrease bone fragility and fractures. Estrogen can promote osteoblast viability by increasing osteoblast resistance to apoptosis.
In 1999, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a painkiller for osteoarthritis called Vioxx. The documentary Prescription for Disaster covers the negative side effects of this drug and how it impacted people who took it. Almost immediately after the FDA approved the drug, its side effects became apparent. Patients that took Vioxx developed heart problems and stroke that, many times, resulted in death. It is estimates that of the 88,000 Americans that had heart attacks caused by Vioxx, 38,000 of them died. The effects of Vioxx were both short term and long term. Although Merck refused to admit to that the drug had effects if taken for less than 18 months, Vioxx was eventually taken off shelves. Vioxx brings light to important issues
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, it affects millions of people around the world. It is also known as Degenerative Joint Disease or Degenerative Arthritis or Wear & Tear Arthritis. Osteoarthritis occurs when the protective cartilage in the joints wear down over time. While osteoarthritis can affect any joint in your body, it more often is seen in the knees, hips, hands, neck, and lower back it worsens as you grow older and has no known cure.
11. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: (A) oral calcium supplementation, (B) oral estrogen, and (C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these medications works to treat Margaret’s condition. Oral calcium is given to Margaret to help with the loss of bone tissue and to help with the aid of forming stronger bone tissue. Oral estrogen is for to help make up for the loss of estrogen deficiency in her body due to menopause and this drug also helps to prevent weakened bones and due to the lack of activity Margert is accustomed to this will be beneficial for her. Oral alendronate sodium is for an inhibitor to help with bone reabsorption of
Institute of Medicine Report from the Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care and Education. (2011). Relieving Pain in America A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education and Research. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?records_13172
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition that primarily affects the hands, spine and the ankles and hips. It is known to be associated with aging, and is concerned with the cartilage that protects the joints (the meeting place of two bones). Normal cartilage allows for bones to slide over each other uniformly, acting as a shock absorber to any damage. However cartilage in osteoarthritis, located at the ends of the bones erodes and deteriorates, causing friction and hence pain, swelling and restricted movement. Therefore in osteoarthritic both the composition and appearance of the cartilage alters, while the body attempts to repair this damaged cartilage is broken down faster than it can be built up. A defective repair process can cause bone overgrowth, bone spur/osteocytes to form which can be seen at the ends of the joints. In osteoarthritis the bones come in close contact with each other, and wear away leaving the bone exposed and unprotected.
Osteoporosis is a condition, in which bones are weak from deterioration, loss of bone mass, and quality-bone strength. Osteoporosis usually triggers postmenopausal women (women who have not had their period for a whole year), or older men and women. Some risks both older men and women endure when experiencing Osteoporosis are decrease of calcium and bone fractures. These symptoms or effects can all be caused by weight loss, smoking, age, ethnicity, genetics, medications, bone structure, and certain diseases that can later on contribute to Osteoporosis, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis may be prevented by going to drug therapy to stop alcoholism and smoking, a sufficient amount of calcium intake, and exercising; such as jogging, walking,
It is still unknown what the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis is but there are some theories that have not been proven. The oldest theory states that viruses and bacteria are the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Now with all the research being done, scientists believe that Rheumatoid Arthritis is hereditary. Specific genes have been found to make people more likely to get Rheumatoid Arthritis. Some scientists also think that some environmental factors and infections might cause the immune system to attack. Contributing factors are smoking and being exposed to silica metal. So although the exact causes are unknown, the result is that the immune system is ready to make the joins and tissues inflamed by activating immune cells.
The most common musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of disability in people over 65 years is osteoarthritis (OA) (Felson DT et al, 1987) (1). According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, OA of knee is more likely to become the fourth most important cause of disability in women, and the eighth most important cause in men (Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1997)(2) . Primary prevention of knee OA has become a major health care aim and a clear understanding of the risk factors is required to design preventive strategies. Many investigations reported obesity, previous history of knee injury, sedentary life style, hand OA (Heberden’s nodes), and a familial history of the disease are major risk factors for OA of knee (Cyrus Cooper et al, 2000) (3). In spite of recent advancements the causes and pathogenesis of knee OA remains largely unknown (A Teichtahl, A Wluka, F M Cicuttini, 2003) (4) but however there is increasing research interest in the contribution of biomechanical variables on progression and management of the disease (Andriacchi TP, 1991) (5).
Weiner, S.S. & Nordin, M. (2010). Prevention and management of chronic back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 24, 267-279. http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.12.001
The major concepts deduced from the hypothesis fall under three categories: (1) multimodal intervention, (2) attentive care, and (3) patient participation. Multimodal intervention includes the concepts of potent pain medication, pharmacological adjuvants, and non-pharmacological adjuvants. Attentive care relates to the assessment of pain and side effects and intervention along with reassessments. Patient participation includes goal setting and patient education. The resulting outcome of these three categories working together is the balance between analgesia and side effects.
Women are at a higher threat of developing osteoporosis when their ovaries discontinue producing estrogen. This is due to the fact that estrogen supports maintaining proper calcium levels in bones. “A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal column results in loss of height and stooped posture. Hip fractures are a common occurrence.”
Almost everyone develops osteoarthrits as they age, some get it while in their fifties and in others it does not appear until their eighties. Osteoarthritis is the most common form that affects older people; this form of the disease wears down the cartilage mostly through overuse and injury but there are other causes. This specific form of the disease causes the cartilage to break down and the bones to rub against each other. Deformity and swelling occurs because knobs of hardened bits of cartilage develop in the joint. It forms especially if a joint has been injured many times.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.