Through a personal intrigue in 2002 physicist Andre K. Geim and a new Phd student were working on a late night project to discover how thin a sample of graphite they could extract from rocks. First using tape to clean dust and small debris from the rocks, they would polish the rocks down and measure them. Noticing that small flakes of graphite on the tape were actually thinner than anything they had previously measured, they shifted their focus to the remnants of graphite on the tape. A young physicist by the name of Kostya Novoselov then stepped into study the thin layers of graphite on the tape. By studying these flakes in great detail they were able to measure the properties of graphite for the first time. Exploring the properties of this new structure called graphene, set off a race of discovery leading many scientists and developers to put full interest into the studies. Graphene, a 2-dimensional, honey comb shaped, crystalline allotrope of carbon has many promising attributes that have the potential to thrust technology forward into the next evolution of electronics. In 2010 Geim and Novoselov received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their exhaustive work and discovery in the working properties of graphite and the advancement of graphene.
Geim and Novoselov may have for the first time measured the properties of graphene but they did not however discover the crystalline structure. That credit would be given to P.R. Wallace who in 1947 first explored the theory of graphene and propelled the understanding of the electrical properties of 3D graphite. In 1948 graphene materials just a few layers thick were observed with a Transmission Electron Microscope or TEM, by G. Ruess and F. Vogt. In 1962 Hoffman and his colleagues “isolat...
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Physicist in the 1900 first started to consider the structure of atoms. The recent discovery of J. J. Thomson of the negatively charged electron implied that a neutral atom must also contain an opposite positive charge. In 1903 Thomson had suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive electrification , with electrons scattered across it like plum in an pudding. (Later known as the Plum Pudding Model)
The amazing transformation the study of physics underwent in the two decades following the turn of the 20th century is a well-known story. Physicists, on the verge of declaring the physical world “understood”, discovered that existing theories failed to describe the behavior of the atom. In a very short time, a more fundamental theory of the ...
Current collectors are made of graphitic materials due to its good conduction. GDL gas diffusion layers are made of carbon paper, which has low electronic resistance in order to provide maximum electronic contact and prevent water flooding. Bipolar plates are made of either graphite sot thermosets materials. [Lister & McLean ]
Graphene oxide is an amorphous with an sp2 hybridised carbon (graphene) base littered with oxygen groups a C/O ratio of between 1.6 and 4 and a sheet thickness of 1 nm (from AFM) (Dreyer et al., 2010). The oxygen groups disrupt the sp2 base and then forming sp3 sites distorting graphene oxide in a corrugated fashion with a surface roughness of approximately 0.6nm (Dreyer et
Harald became the first of the Bohr brothers to earn a master’s degree. Niels earned his 9 months later. The students in his class had to submit a thesis on a subject assigned by their supervisor. Bohr’s supervisor was Christiansen, and the topic he gave them was the electron theory of metals. Bohr then elaborated his master’s thesis in to his much larger theory “Doctor of Philosophy” thesis. He questioned the literature on the subject ,settling on a model assumed by Paul Drude and elaborated by Hendrik Lorentz ,which stated in which the electrons on a meta; are considered to behave like a gas. Bohr enlarged Lorentz model, but still unable to account for singularities like the Hall Effect, and decided that the electron theory could not fully explain the magnetic properties of metals. The theory was directed in April of 1911, and Bohr conducted his defense in May of 1911. Bohr’s thesis was groundbreaking, but didn’t attracted much attention outside of Scandinavia because it was written in Danish, a Copenhagen University requirement at the time. In 1921 the Dutch physicist Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen independently derived a theorem from Bohr’s theory and today that is known as the Bohr−van Leeuwen Theorem. In 1911 Bohr traveled to England, which was where most of theoretical work in the structures of atoms were being done. He met with J.J. Thomson of Cavendish Laboratory and Trinity College, Cambridge. He attended lectures on electromagnetism given by James jean and Joseph Larmor and decided to do some research on cathode rays, but failed to impress Thomson. He had more success with younger physicists like Australian William Lawrence Bragg, and New Zealand’s Ernest Rutherford, whose 1911 Rutherford method of the atom had challenged...
Diamond is a native crystalline carbon that is the hardest known mineral. It is a nearly transparent precious stone. Noble and dazzling diamonds can be said as the desire jewelry of every woman. From the aspect of economic, scarce resources cannot fill the needs of all people. The natural diamonds can only be enjoyed by a small part of people due to its expensive price. However, today’s modern technologies can process artificial gems which have lower cost compared to the natural diamonds. Its high quality even makes the diamond experts hard to distinguish the differences from the appearances because both have same basic physical and chemical properties. There’s only a way to differentiate between natural and synthetic diamonds which is by studying their impurities both microscopic and atomic level.
Until the nineteenth century the model of the atom resembled a ball, it was thought to look like a small sphere. But in 1897, J. J. Thomson changed the view of the atom with his discovery of the electron. Thomson's work suggested that the atom was not an indivisible particle, like John Dalton said it is like a jigsaw puzzle made of smaller pieces.
Every since the beginning of history, scientist have been making many advancements. Science can be so complex and is constantly being readjusted due to learning new knowledge. Scientists, John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Niels Bohr, are just a few who have contributed to our modern understanding of an atom.
early 1990’s, no such material was known. In 1991, carbon nanotubes were discovered. Although not
Graphene refers to a single layer of graphite, with sp2 hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
Superconductivity was first discovered a century ago in 1908 by Dutch physicist Heike Onnes[1] and is defined in classical physics as “perfect conductivity” or exactly zero electrical resistance (figure 1). With the discovery of the Meissner Effect in 1933, a new theory of superconductivity was formulated by Fritz and Hein London in 1935 stating superconductivity ...
LifeGem has been secretive in order to maintain a “competitive edge over competition”. This has created much debate over the methods they use to convert graphite to diamond.
Niels Bohr discovered the atomic structure. The concept he believed in was that the physical properties on an atomic level would be viewed different...
A Diamond is one of the two natural minerals that are produced from carbon. The other mineral is Graphite. Even though both of these minerals are produced from the same element ,carbon, they have totally different characteristics. One of the most obvious difference is that Diamond is hard and Graphite is soft. The Diamond is considered to be the most hardest substance found in nature. It scores a perfect ten in hardness. Because of its hardness a tiny Diamond is used as a cutting and drilling tool in industry. Even the Greeks called the Diamond “adamas” which means unconquerable. Diamonds also conducts heat better than any other mineral .
According to the de Broglie relation and Bragg's law, a beam of 54 eV had a wavelength of 0.167 nm. The experimental outcome was 0.165 nm via the grating equation, which closely matched the predictions. Davisson and Germer's accidental discovery of the diffraction of electrons was the first direct evidence confirming de Broglie's hypothesis that particles can have wave properties as well.