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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
quizlet acute renal failure
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
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Acute Renal Failure
According to medline plus, “Acute kidney failure is the rapid loss your kidneys' ability to remove waste and help balance fluids and electrolytes in your body. In this case, rapid means less than 2 days.”(Silberberg) In Acute renal failure, there are 3 different causes: Pre-renal, intrarenal, and post-renal. In pre-renal, it ” occurs when a sudden reduction in blood flow in the kidney (renal hypo-perfusion) causes a loss of kidney function. “ (Thompson) (WebMD) According to WebMD, there is nothing actually wrong with the kidney in this case and it is also the most common cause of acute renal disease. Intrarenal in Acute renal failure “occurs when direct damage to the kidneys causes a sudden loss in kidney function.”(Thompson) Post-renal happens when there is some sort of blockage that occurs in the urinary tract. When this happens, it causes the accumulation of excess waste in the kidneys, sometimes in both.(Staff)
When determining whether or not someone has acute renal failure, there may be many signs that can help diagnose this. One factor that may occur is the amount of urine that your body is excreting. In severe cases like that, a urine test may be asked to be performed by a doctor. When acute renal failure is suspected, a doctor might also ask to get a blood test to see if levels of creatinine and urea are high. Another test that may be done is an imaging test. An imagining test consist of either an ultrasound or a CT in order for the doctor to be able to see inside the kidneys. To determine kidney failure, a doctor might also insert a needle into the kidney to take a sample of it to determine whether or not it is diagnosed. (n.d)
There can be many indications of acute renal failure a...
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...//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000501.htm
Staff, H. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/postrenal-acute-renal-failure
The National Kidney Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfm
Thompson, E. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/prerenal-acute-renal-failure
Thompson, G. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/intrinsic-acute-renal-failure
W. Smith, M., Chang, L., & Nazario, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/acute-renal-failure-topic-overview
(n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuria
(n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguria
(n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotemia
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2012), acute kidney renal failure occurs abruptly when your kidneys lose their filtering abilities and cannot filter waste products from your blood. This is also known as acute renal failure or acute kidney injury. When this happens, high levels of waste may become accumulated in your blood and will alter your bloods chemical make up causing them to get out of balance. This failure or injury could happen rapidly over a few hours or a few days and can become fatal. Mostly people who are hospitalized and who are critically ill will need intensive care. If you take care of your body, acute kidney may be reversible and you may recover normal kidney function.
1 in 3 Americans Adults are currently at risk for developing kidney disease. What is acute renal failure, when your kidneys functions all of a sudden stop working and your kidneys are the body’s filter which remove waste products and help balance water, salts and minerals especially electrolytes in your blood when your kidneys stop working you end up building all the products in your body that need to be filtered and eliminated. The pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure are due to three main causes Pre-renal, Intra-renal, and Post renal. Pre-renal is a sudden drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from illness or sever injury. Intra-renal is direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation of drugs, infection, toxins or reduced blood supply. Post-renal is a sudden obstruction of urine flow because of enlarged prostate bladder tumor, kidney stones, or injury.
Pathophysiology There are three different stages of acute renal failure; prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. Prerenal failure is a result from an illness or injury that causes obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys, called hypoperfusion. Hypotension, hypervolemia and inadequate cardiac output are all examples that could cause prerenal failure. According to Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2009), “prerenal azotemia, excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, account for 40% to 80% of all cases of acute renal failure” (p. 307). Intrarenal is when there is direct damage to the kidney tissue by either inflammations, drugs, infections or a reduction in the blood supply to the kidney. Post renal is when there is an obstruction of the urine flow. Causes of obstruction could be enlarged prostate gland, kidney stones, bladder tumor or injury. There are four phases of acute renal failure; onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. The onset phase can last hours or up to days. The BUN and creatinine levels may start to increas...
Without proper working kidneys, blood pressure can rise, body fluids accumulate and red blood cell count can decrease. Usually kidney problems occur from disease, conditions and disorders. Disease can come from damage to nephrons, which help filter the blood. Infections can travel from the bladder up to the kidneys. Kidney cancers, kidney stones, cysts and injury all can damage a kidney. Without properly working kidneys, our heart, lungs and brain, as well as other organs are put in danger. (Capicchiano 2013) Kidney dialysis is not always a permanent need; sometimes it is needed for a short time. Kidney dialysis can occur in many places, the hospital, a home or in a center. Often people return to work after dialysis, unless their job involves strenuous activity such as heavy lifting or digging. (Lewin, 2010)
Some may think that they words acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease mean the same thing, but that is incorrect. Kidney failure results from the kidneys not being able to eliminate metabolic waste products and water, which can also disturb all other organs of the body. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden and rapid loss of kidney function that usually occurs over hours to days due to acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis is a process where ischemia affects parts of the kidneys and disrupts the basement membrane and the tubular epithelium. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a gradual onset and can take place over many years. CKD is seen in many diabetic patients due to diabetic neuropathy. AKI is a much more serious issue and should be taken very seriously.
The renal disease are common nowadays .The acute renal failure is a medical term means that the kidneys stopped from working and not able to clear toxins from body ,not able to maintained a stable electrolyte balance inside the body and not able to secret the extra fluid as urine outside the body. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) or dialysis has been discovered on 1913 by Able, Rowntree and Turner in London, UK.
As a result of this there is insufficient blood flow to the kidneys. Secondly, Acute intrinsic kidney failure occurs when there is direct trauma to the kidneys. This usually occurs when taking a sever hit to the body near the kidneys. Other factors could be toxin overload and ischemia, lack of oxygen to the kidneys caused by renal blood vessel obstruction, shock, sever bleeding or inflammation. Chronic pre-renal kidney failure is a third type of kidney failure occurring when there is a long-term lack of blood flow to the kidneys. This type of kidney failure usually causes the kidneys to shrink and lose their function. Then, Chronic intrinsic kidney failure occurs by direct trauma to the kidneys due to severe bleeding or lack of oxygen. Lastly chronic post-renal kidney failure is a result of blockage of the urinary tract prevention urination and causing pressure eventually leading to kidney
Kidney damage can occur from hypertension which causes blood vessels in the kidneys to shrink and harden; infections travelling though the bloodstream; long-term and uncontrolled diabetes, and genetically inherited kidney problems. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004)
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
Customer reported that he has been diagnosed with a stage 4 renal failure. Customer is receiving medical care and has been recommended to have a kidney transplant. Customer reported that he has found a person that wants to help him, but does not have the economic support.
If the patient has a urinary catheter, and most ICU patients do, he or she may not have any reportable symptoms. Therefore, good assessment of urinary elimination, done in relation to a patient’s signs, symptoms, urine amount, intake and output, and lab values, is important. The lab values are discussed in Chapter 5. Acute and chronic renal failure can cause numerous systemic symptoms and altered homeostasis ( Collins, 2011). See Table 3-10 for abnormal urinary elimination.
Your kidneys play a very important role in helping your body function properly. The kidneys help your body pass waste as urine and helps filter blood before it’s sent back to the heart. Kidneys are two bean shaped organs that are about the size of a fist. Most people have two kidneys that are located just below the spine, one on each side of the spine. Your kidneys perform many vital functions for your body. They produce hormones that help produce red blood cells, regulates blood pressure, and promotes healthy bones. Even though they play such a big role, it is possible to only live with one kidney. There are many illnesses that impairs the functioning of the kidneys, one of them is Acute kidney injury.
The kidneys are very important organs in the body. They remove waste products and excess of fluid and salt from the body. Also, they balance electrolytes and produce hormones. End stage renal disease is when kidneys stop working enough, therefore waste and water builds up in the body resulting in uremia, edema, and too high blood pressure. End stage renal disease is a chronic disease characterized by the permanent loss of renal function that affects quality of life, physical and mental health. It is a condition that requires acute care nursing including dialysis, education on lifestyle changes, diet, and fluid restrictions, and kidneys transplant to live.