Acid leaching is the process of reacting unwanted minerals on the coal with the aqueous acid solution in order to create removable salts in an aqueous setting. This leaching, with certain Acids, is unable and can rarely remove the organic sulfur. For example, a solution of 15% Hydrogen peroxide alone was able to remove 70% sulfur sulfate, 76% pyritic sulfur, 5% organic sulfur and 14% ash at 25˚C (Meshram, Purohit, 2015). However, by adding 0.1 mol/L Sulfuric Acid to act as a catalyst, almost all of the sulfur sulfate and pyritic sulfur, 43% of the ash, and over 26% of the organic sulfur were removed (Meshram, Purohit, 2015). The catalyst improves the reaction by moving the oxygen and pyrite molecules together so that they may react easier. The Acid leaching process often involves two …show more content…
Coal is decayed plant or animal matter that has been altered by some biological process and a geological process over a large time frame. Biological processes have the ability to remove organic sulfur but have not been employed commercially (Ohtsuka, 2000). An advantage that the biological processes retain over the other methods is the temperature and pressure needed are able to be very low, reducing energy, whereas other process can have a temperature up to 1350˚C and a pressure of 140 atm (Faison, 1991). The biological process of removing pyritic sulfur is generally believed to have two methods: the indirect and direct methods. The indirect method removes the pyritic sulfur through the oxidation of the pyritic sulfur through the use of ferric ions. This route is 106 times slower than the direct route (Groppo, Parekh, 1993). The direct method is defined as a process where microorganisms are attached to the surface of the pyrite and enzymatically oxidize the sulfur, proving to be much more efficient with
Acid Base Extraction The purpose of this laboratory assignment was two-fold, first, we were to demonstrate the extraction of acids and bases, and, finally, determine what unknowns were present. Second, we were extracting caffeine from tea. These two assignments will be documented in two separate entities. Introduction: Acid/base extraction involves carrying out simple acid/base reactions in order to separate strong organic acids, weak organic acids, neutral organic compounds and basic organic substances.
Note to environmentalists: The sulfuric acid was completely neutralized and properly discarded. Credits I would like to thank all the people who helped me with this project. I would especially like to thank my mother, for letting my go through an abundance of Baking Soda, Vinegar, and many of our other household items. I would like to thank my Father for helping me understand the science of this project, and my whole family for helping me do well. I'd also like to give credit to the following Brands of substances I used: Arm & Hammer Drano Revco Aspirin Mylanta Seaway And any other products I may have used along the way.
Coal is one of the world’s most abundant fossil fuels. Coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period when dead plant material was buried and subjected to high pressure and heat. Coal is classified by moisture content and composition. There are four d...
Coal Combustion Residue, or coal sludge, is the byproduct of burning coal in order to make energy. It is a combination of fly ash, bottom ash, coal slag, and flue gas. According to the watchdog group “sourcewatch.org” the ...
Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) are defined by the WCI as 'technologies designed to enhance both the efficiency and the environmental acceptability of coal extraction, preparation and use' . These technologies reduce emissions, reduce waste, and increase the amount of energy gained from each ton of coal. There are a wide variety of technologies that are available to improve our coal performance. This can be done by: Enhancing of existing options, Deploying of Advanced Technologies, Exploiting Synergies with Renewables, and Development and Commercialization of Next Generation Technologies (“Coal”). Some environmental problems that they will be trying to address are: Particulate matter, trace elements and SOX and NOX, and mercury.
One of the biggest environmental problems that needs dealing with in society today is acid deposition. It is largely caused by humans, and causes much pollution to the environment and harms people and buildings as well. Although there are minimal positive sides to this issue, the negatives far outweigh it and call people around the world to take action to reduce and even solve this problem. Coming in both wet and dry forms, acid deposition consists of acidic pollutants including nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides that have been deposited from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. There are both wet and dry forms of acid deposition, wet forms being referred to as acid precipitation. Acid precipitation is the result of sulfur and nitrogen oxides reacting in the atmosphere with water vapor. This returns to the earth as acid rain or snow. Dry deposition occurs when these oxides react without water and they settle out of the atmosphere onto the earth. Acid deposition can come from a number of different sources such as smokestacks, trucks and cars. More than 90% of the sulfur in the atmosphere comes from humans. Coal burning, the smelting of metal sulfide ores, and automobile exhaust are major human contributions to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Similarly, 95% of the increased nitrogen oxide levels in the atmosphere are a result of the activities of humans. The activity that contributes the most to these elevated levels is the combustion of oil, coal, and gas. Attention was first drawn to acid deposition in the 17th century when the bad effects of industry and acidic pollution on both vegetation and people were noticed. In the 1960s, it became an international problem when fishermen noticed declines in fish numbers and diversity in lakes across North America and Europe. Acid deposition causes many problems such as these worldwide, and is clearly a problem that needs to be properly dealt with.
The aim of this project was to prove that a new take on oxyfuel power could greatly reduce coal 's large carbon footprint. The school built a chemical looping reactor which circulates its components in a continuous loop. To prove its effectiveness, the school conducted an experiment utilizing the reactor and coal. First, tiny iron oxide beads were used to manage the oxygen supply to the coal particles. The beads then entered the reactor chamber and were oxidized and reacted with the coal particles which created carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide then bubbled up and was captured while the beads flowed down to a second area where airflow re-oxygenated the beads. The newly oxidized beads were then looped back to the start and the process was repeated. In principle OSU 's chemical looping reactor should be more efficient to operate than conventional oxyfuel reactors, which rely on power-hungry air separation units for their oxygen supply. This experiment is important because it not only keeps a 90% capture rate of carbon, but it is 35% less costly than average carbon capture facilities (Coelho, 2010, p.
Coal is formed from remains of vegetation that grew hundreds of millions of years ago. A majority of our coal was formed about 300 million years ago. During this time, most of the earth was covered with steamy swamps. As time passed, the remains of dead plants and trees sank to the bottom of these swamps. These layers of dead plant remains eventually become a dense and soggy substance known as peat. Throughout time, seas and rivers allowed sand, clay, and other mineral deposits to layer upon the peat. The increase of this process eventually caused the substance to form into coal.
Lynas explains in his novel, Six Degrees, that Coal creates and adds, smog, acid rain and pollution into the environment. Along with harming the ecosystems, the infectious air that is being breathed in, containing smog, leads to cardiovascular affects, proving, that humans are indeed, killing themselves and the environment without even noticing. (Lynas, 365). The ultimate removal of coal
Coal has a very negative impact on the environment, one of the main impacts on the environment is the actual process of extracting the coal from the ground. The two ways that coal is mined, underground and surface, both have different effects on the environment. The first way that coal is mined is by digging tunnels and creating mineshafts underground and then removing the coal from th...
Acid mine drainage refers to water (leachate, drainage or seepage) that has come into contact with oxidised rocks or overburden that contains sulphide material (coal, zinc, copper, lead). (Keller, 2000; U.S.G.S.; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). A common sulphide is pyrite, or iron disulfide (FeS2), and throughout this essay it will be pyrite that will be the primary sulphide considered. Acid mine drainage is not a new phenomenon, early mining techniques utilized gravity to avoid water pooling, resulting in the water becoming polluted by acid, iron, sulphur and aluminium (U.S.E.P.A., 2002). It is most commonly associated with coal mining, especially with soft coal, coal that has high sulphur content. The pyrite that is present in coal seams will be accessible after surface mining when the overlying surfaces are removed or in deep mines that allow oxygen access to the previously inaccessible pyrite-containing coal (D.E.P. 1, 1997). After pyrite is exposed to air and water, sulphuric acid and iron hydroxide are formed, creating an acidic runoff (D.E.P. 1, 1997; 2 2002).
Spears, D. A. & Lee, S., 2004. Geochemistry of leachates from coal ash. Geological Society Special Publications, Volume 236, pp. 619-639.
...aus method by reacting the hydrogen sulfide with air, called the thermal step. Then creating a reaction with sulfur dioxide produced from the thermal step to recover more sulfur, this is known as the catalytic step. From here the sulfur produced can be used for many real world applications: production of sulfuric acid, processing of sulfur in fertilizers, and sulfur-sodium batteries. Although there are plenty more
The ph scale can be used to determine how strong an acid is. One meaning the acid is very strong and six meaning the acid is very weak. Some examples of acids are in the table below
Such waste can be chemically neutralised. The acidic waste are generally neutralised with slaked lime in a continuous stirred reactor. In this reactor, the rate of the slaked lime added is mostly controlled by feedback control system to maintain the pH value. Whereas, alkaline wastes are neutralised by adding sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid. However, for some application acetic acid is more preferable compared to sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid due to it non-toxic and biodegradable characteristics. Besides, alkaline waste can also be neutralised through bubbling of carbon dioxide gases to form carbonic acid. One of the advantages of carbon dioxide gas is that it is readily available in the exhaust gas at any combustion process.