OVERVIEW Accessibility is generally understood to describe the ease with which a place may be reached from elsewhere. It is defined here as the ease with which person at a point may gain access, via the transport system (or whatever modes or sub-systems of it are nominated), to all other places in a defined area, taking into account their varying attractiveness and the perceived cost of getting to them. A location with high accessibility will tend for most purposes to be more attractive than one with low accessibility and hence to be more highly valued. This is not to say that accessibility is the sole determinant of a location's value: rather that it is one determinant - the one changed by action on the transport system and land use arrangements. Thus changing the transport system or land use pattern in such a way as to increase an area's accessibility will increase that area's value and attractiveness. Thus it can generally be said that one way to promote regional or urban development of an area is to increase its accessibility. Taking an action which reduces, relatively or absolutely, an area's accessibility will have social justice implications, particularly if it is an area which is already suffering some other disability. Accessibility so defined can be seen to be a joint consequence of the transport system and the distribution of activities (e.g. population or employment are simple measures of activity). A change in either the transport system or the distribution of activities will change the value of accessibility and the value will change differently for different places. Herein is the power of the concept in that the impact, on regional or urban development or social disadvantage, of any change to ... ... middle of paper ... ...economic impact to that group or the whole community as the basis for a model to assess the urban land use impacts of changes in an urban transport system through an empirically derived equilibrium relationship between Isolation and urban density: a change in Isolation will change the equilibrium density and set in train pressures which will tend to move the density to the new equilibrium value. Areas for growth and blight are thus identified and the new equilibrium value suggested which then allows future populations to be estimated or given future populations to be distributed as the basis for location optimisation of community facilities (such as schools and shopping centres) and to assess their markets as the basis for a normalising parameter which allows direct comparison of the local significance of traffic volumes between widelv different areas.
Walker, Robert, and William Solecki. "Theorizing Land-Cover and Land-Use Change: The Case of the Florida Everglades and Its Degradation." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94.2 (2004): 311-28. JSTOR. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
Richard C. Nelson, the author, is a professor in the School of Landscape Architecture and Planning and the Planning Degree program at the University of Arizona. He has made substantial contributions in real estate analysis and urban growth trends. Nelson also created the term ‘megapolitan’ which he predicts the United States will have over twenty by 2040. These megapolitans are the result of the reverse sprawl and creating major economic centers, which will make America globally competitive. Nelson’s background ties in to many of his ideas in the book, with the main points focusing on demographic changes, housing trends, more space for future jobs and the benefits of reshaping metropolitan America. Changing demographics support the notion that more people are choosing an urban lifestyle over sprawl, which means a higher preference of
shapes cultural beliefs in society. In our society, power is said to be equally distributed
...uate personal motivation, however it is an issue that involves social and physical obstacles that must be overcome as well (Steinman, 2010). Environments that enhance walkability are typically associated with greater pedestrian traffic and lower body mass index (BMI). Neighborhood safety and traffic volumes and road speeds have been identified in the ACRES and other studies as determinants to a walk able neighborhood (Steinman, 2010, Wahlgren, 2011). Urban planners can address these issue in several different ways. Placing sidewalks and lighting to clearly guide pedestrians and creating visibility with canopy trees can create safe inviting spaces. Addressing volume and speed on roadways can be addressed by introducing sidewalk bulbs, roundabout and buffers between sidewalks and streets through the use of landscaping (Wahlgren, 2011, Dumbaugh, 2011, Frumkin, 2002).
impact. Many consider this a local problem because with the increase of population in a city
The graph shows the results that were expected from the land use questionnaire. In the tables, the trend in the graphs show the total’s and average’s over 147 years.
The determinants of health are defined as the conditions of society that directly or indirectly create and maintain or diminish the health of individuals and populations (Dahlgren & Whitehead, 1991; Keleher & MacDougall, 2011). Figure (1) below demonstrates the layering of the different conditions/factors influencing health including housing, which is seen as an environmental living and working condition affecting health. (Ministry of Health, 1998).
Health issues, environmental factors, and social determinates have a causal relationship with individual determinates. For instance, age depends on what type of education that person may seek and
...en redevelopment occurs in an area, areas of open space should be left and create parks between roads.
I placed a brick on the lawn and observed how it effected the area where it was located. Observing the area opened my eyes to something way larger. I analyzed and observed the effects that this brick alone had on the location where it was. The grass under it was suppressed and weeds began to grow. There wasn't much of a positive effect coming from the brick.
Urbanization has to deal with the construction of new modernized construction and the use of technology, in total it means advancing from the local to make modernized place and an industrial site. Also it includes the construction of infrastructural buildings, infrastructural buildings are buildings that are constructed for the betterment of the country for the people it includes hospital, schools, bridges, water supplies and different other buildings. Most of the land were covered by the trees, and they only few people living there, in order to develop a modernized place, or an urbanized place, construction needs to be made. In the determination of making an urbanized place where factories and all could be done, practice such as deforestation is done. Lands that were filled with tees are then cutting in order to satisfy the project of urbanization. The urbanized places are still developing which increases the rate of
First of all, overpopulation drastically affects the land. Possibly the most prominent example of the depreciating health and amount of land is the need for developments. Due to the exploding population in the United States, about 1.2 million acres of land every year is being converted to subdivisions, malls, workplaces, roads, parking lots, resorts, and many other developments (“Overpopulation,” Internet). That is a substantial amount of land being overturned to satisfy human desires. To put it in better perspective, between 1982 and 1997, the land mass lost to development is equal to the size of Maine and New Hampshire combined, which is approximately 25 million acres (“Overpopulation,” Internet). While soil is being ruptured for human preference, the number of cities has remarkably modified. In 1975, Mexico City, Tokyo, and New York City were the only cities considered as megacities (“Special,” Internet). In today’s world, that number is considerably small. Now, there are 21 megacities in the world. A megacity is when the population of that city becomes greater than 10 million people (“Special,” Internet). Therefore, the 21 megacities that are currently in the world holds more than 21...
...population distribution designed to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration appears to have had limited success in many developing countries. Policies must be directed at altering the rural economy in order to slow the rate of urban sprawl. Broad land use planning and changing of planning standards and governmental procedures would go a long way to reduce many of the problems that face urban populations in the developing areas, especially Africa. Urbanization can cause a lot of problems for a city or even a country. It can cause cities to become overpopulated which are known as mega-cites, and cause problems with living arrangements and finding a job. Urbanization can also cause health problems. Urbanization is supposed to be good for developing countries on the rise but with this rapid growth in Africa, these problems can become a major concern in the future.
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
According to the Charter, a metropolitan area is a “fundamental economic unit of the contemporary world” (1). Metropolitan regions defines the world geographic characteristics but their boundaries are subjected to change. Therefore metropolitan regions are patterns made by government policy, powerful policy actors and natural life as urban life is organized into “multiple centers that are cities, towns, and villages” (1).