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Racial discrimination in employment in canada 2018
Interpersonal attraction and social relationship
Positive and negative implications of migration
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According to the Social-Attraction theory, people are attracted to those they perceive to be similar to (Byrne, 1992). In this case, this theory suggests that immigrants will be seen by natives to be dissimilar in regards to ethnicity and language, which may negatively impact on their ability to secure employment. A survey conducted in New Zealand by Coates & Car (2005) revealed that selection preferences for job opportunities were influenced by an immigrant’s country of origin. To this effect, immigrants from Asia were more likely to be prejudiced or discriminated or less preferred for a job, as compared to immigrants from Europe, South Africa, and North America. Similarly, immigrants from South Africa were less likely to be preferred than immigrants from Europe and North America.
In Canada, migrant discrimination was found to extend to the level and pay of a particular job. According to Fang et al. (2013), most immigrants in the Canadian labour market are offered jobs via recruitment agencies. However these agencies often side with employers in reducing the chances for immigrants to access well-paying jobs. In most instances, Fang et al. (2013) note that the recruitment process is not transparent and is mainly inclined on favouring the needs of the employers. To this effect, most Canadian immigrants end up getting paid lower than natives, even though they may share the same job type (Fang et al., 2013).
Another theory that explains the liability of foreignness and how it disadvantages migrants is the Social Dominance theory. According to Coates & Carr (2005), preference for job opportunities in the context of the Social Dominance theory are based on which countries of origin are socially and economically dominant over the ot...
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...alent, countries from which talent emigrates often lose crucial skilled manpower, while those to which talent immigrates often gain this resource. A good example, is India, which according to the United Nations (2002), was experiencing a net loss on its investment in technical education, while exporting up to $2 billion to wealthier economies. However, the progression of globalization in relation to the labour market is not black and white. Migrants often face a lot of challenges in securing employment, which in the end results in brain waste (Mahroum, 2000). Nevertheless, it is possible for migrants to utilize social networks in realizing economic empowerment, which will decrease their overdependence on local jobs. The government too has a role in facilitating a favorable environment for migrants to explore economic opportunities through migrant-friendly policies.
Over five years after the 2008 economic crisis, the Canadian economy is still in rough waters. Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has been lagging below 2% and falling short of economists’ predictions (Hodgson, 2014), with no small part due to the stunted American and European recoveries. Tied into this is the country’s unemployment rate, which has hovered around 7% for over a year, while the rate for those aged 15-24 is nearly double, at 13.6% (Statistics Canada, 2014). Clearly, there is a need for more jobs in the country. At the same time, however, Canadian companies have been bringing in Temporary Foreign Workers (TFW) to fill what they call a “jobs gap”: that there are places in the country where the labour supply is nonexistent, and outside help is needed to fill certain roles. This has set off a firestorm of controversy, both in the commercial and political realms, with accusations of corporate greed and government apathy abounding, as unemployed Canadians are seemingly passed-over for available jobs. This paper will explore how TFWs are filling a necessary role in the economy, and are not “taking jobs” from Canadians, and will then analyze what governments and businesses can do to change the program, how immigration reform can play a role in filling jobs and lowering unemployment, and what risks a focus on a “skills gap” instead of a “jobs gap” can have on the economy.
Critical Evaluationg of Psychological Theories of Interpersonal Attraction Interpersonal Attraction suggests as attraction between people, and although it may not in terms of a romantic relationship scenario as the phrase suggests, it nethertheless suggests an important attraction to create a relationship with a particular person. It may by that we are attracted to a particular person or a social relationship because we find them pleasant or because we find life alone unpleasant or unrewarding. Schacter (1959) conducted a study in which female participants were told that they were going to receive an electric shock in a following experiment. Half of the subjects were told it would be painful and the other half were told it would not be painful. Each group were given the option to wait with another person or on their own for the experiment.
The remaining explanations of gender-based wage differences fall under the umbrella category of discrimination. Employer preference discusses the ways in which employers differentiate between potential employees based on noneconomic factors such as physical appearance. Statistical discrimination uses the ways in which employers stereotype groups of people and therefore avoid hiring certain people because of their association with a typical group. This plays into the gender-based wage gap because employers tend to view women as the group they are a part of – the female popula...
John L. Cotton argues in a paper that “Extensive research in social psychology has demonstrated that when we perceive others as being similar to ourselves, we are attracted to them”(Cotton 19). Although there are law against racial discrimination, white Americans are more likely to get job offer than black applicant, or an immigrant. When Jose Zamora applied for job at several companies, he did not get any job offer. Later, when he dropped a letter “s” in his name and changed it to “Joe” and applied for jobs at companies at United States, he got interview at several companies. Numerous job applicants and studies have found that employers subconsciously or consciously make discrimination against name that sounds Latino or Black. Broad research in social psychology has demonstrated that. How attitude relates to attraction is a major part of this research. We prefer what is similar to our character and what is known to us. (Cotton 19) Minorities are at disadvantage because they lack representation at many levels. As the discrimination is started at early hiring process and if all the employers are inclined to hire employee similar to them, people of different ethnic group and races have very little chance of getting hired. The current hiring process is the reason people like Jose are forced to change their name. As it is easier to secure a job with American name,
Based on the preliminary research I conducted, I have been able to identify two key topic areas that are of interest to me and these include: immigrant women attaining jobs in Ontario and violence experienced by women in Canada. In regard to immigrant women attaining jobs, there are significantly higher unemployment rates and lower wages that they are faced with, in comparison to other immigrant men and Canadian-born men and women. The debate circulating around this issue seeks to answer whether gender, immigrant class, age, ethnicity and sexuality all play a role in an immigrant woman’s ability to be employed (TIEDI, 2010, p.1). Some key questions that have arisen focus on workplace policies and programs that create further disparity within the gender gap, rather than aiding immigrant women who have differing needs in the labour market. Questions posed, seek to find the contributing factors to lower wages and what can be changed in the regulations to create equity (TIEDI, 2010, p.6). As well, a study conducted by Anucha et al. (2006) examines what are the outcomes of immigrant women participating in the economy and how this varies from other males, along with the social impacts of being employed (p.5).
Anisef, Paul Sweet, Robert Frempong, George. “Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrant and Racial Minority University Graduates in Canada, CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre 2003
Firstly to justify why countries limit their immigrations, there should be knowledge of the different types of immigrants as there are different reasons to leave from one country and move into another. In the last 30 years, the number of international immigrants has been estimated 191 million worldwide, two times as before. As ...
Migration has never been a one-way process of assimilation into a melting pot or a multicultural salad bowl, but one in which migrants, to varying degrees, are simultaneously embedded in the multiple sites and layers of the transnational social fields in which they live. This is also not a new phenomenon, but has shown signs of intensification in recent years due to globalization which allowed it to develop more easily than previously due to advancements in technology and
Throughout the last three decades, increasing numbers of Asians have migrated to Canada from all over the Asian continent. Currently, 44% of the Vancouver area population is of Asian descent (Statistics Canada, 2001). Immigrants commonly occupy skilled job positions that the host nation is unable to fill with its own citizens, and thus they offer many advantages to their receiving country. In a nation with a declining birthrate, such as Canada, their contribution can play a major role on multiple levels. The immigrants themselves often enjoy a greater earning potential than they did in their native country, which can be advantageous for those who wish to send money back home to support their families.
One of such reasons would be for religious freedom. People can also move to other countries in search for opportunities. In particularly, in the United States, there are many employment opportunities, which people can find and work. Many people from other nations strongly believe that migrating to America will offer them employment opportunities. Next in the list of reasons, includes survival reasons. Whereas some argue that immigration is not good and has the potential of harming the United States, others people believe that immigration is good and has to be encouraged. Whereas Jacoby answers “yes” to the question of “Does Immigration Increase the Virtues of Hard Work and Fortitude in the United States,” Krikorian objects Jacoby’s idea and instead, argues that immigration is depletes the resources of a country. In the article “Five Myths about Immigration,” Cole argues that the United States has received and benefited from many immigrants since 1800s. In Booth’s article entitled, “Immigration Threatens America’s Unity,” he says that before the late 1900s the greatest immigration wave contributed to a bitter backlash (epitomized by the return of Ku Klux Klan and Chinese exclusion, which targeted blacks, Catholics, immigrants, as well as
An image included in the article “Shattering Stereotypes About Immigrant Workers” which was published by the New York Times depicts immigrants gathering around a truck while searching for work, which reinforces the stereotype that immigrants are desperate for jobs and will steal jobs from citizens. The image portrays immigrants as willing to do nearly any job and to work for very low wages, which convinces people to think that immigrants will be more tempting to hire for the jobs that citizens should have acquired. The stereotype that immigrants steal jobs invokes a sense of jealousy and inequality in natural citizens who believe that they deserve more access to jobs and opportunities than immigrants. Citizens who are afraid of losing potential job opportunities continue to believe that immigrants are stealing their jobs and conclude that removing immigrants will solve their problems. This rivalry between immigrants and natural citizens helps to continue stereotypes because citizens will blame immigrants for their financial problems and label them as thieves in order remove immigrants from the workforce and regain their job opportunities. In addition, this misrepresentation of immigrants results in the belief that immigrants are undeserving of jobs and that employers should not consider them as candidates. In reality, immigrants often take jobs that citizens do not want due
American labor markets have serious problems in regards to the length of the average work day, maternity leaves, healthcare and benefits; but also discrimination. It is no surprise that discrimination occurs in the work place; but what is a surprise is that discrimination occurs much sooner than thought. A study conducted by University of Chicago professor, Marianne Bertrand, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, Sendhil Mullainathan, concluded that discrimination begins before the interview, and starts with the job seeker’s name.
As Canadian's fertility rate fells, baby boomers retires, immigration and foreign workers becomes very important for the increase of labor demands in the Canadian's job market. The government is planning to reduce the application waiting time and therefore there will be more newcomers coming in the next fewer years. Canadian companies will then have many experienced and foreign trained applicants where they can help Canadian companies to increase their foreign trade and to build a better relationship with the other country. However, new comers have difficulties in finding employment because of their unrecognized foreign qualifications, non Canadian work experienced and the lack of support in the settlement programs where they get help to find employment.
The text is about “the predictions about the relationship between racial prejudice and racial wage gaps from Becker's (1957) seminal work on employer discrimination - something which has not previously been done in the large economics discrimination literature”
On the other hand, migration can provide some negative impacts. One of them is unemployment of native population. As it was said before, foreign-born are more profitable for employers; therefore they have bigger chance to receive the workplace than native people. From 1997 to 2006 the UK-b...