Objective: The objective of the present study was to design topical Nanoemulsion based gel of Terbinafine HCl, a poorly soluble drug, to increase its permeability and evaluate its efficacy in an animal model.
Materials and Methods: Nanoemulsions were incorporated into gels and designated as Gel-P and Gel-S respectively. Nanoemulsion gel was prepared using liquid paraffin, glycerin, and carbomer 940. Nanoemulsions were prepared by two different techniques viz. high pressure homogenization and high speed homogenization. The developed gels were evaluated for drug content, spreadability, microbial assay and in vitro permeation using pork skin. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of the developed gels was assessed in albino Wistar rats.
Results and Discussion: The globule size obtained by high pressure homogenization was less than 2 r.nm (nanometer in radius) and that by high speed homogenization was less than 10 r.nm. In vitro permeation studies revealed that Gel-P (51.19±0.81 %) had higher permeation when compared to Gel-S (31.72±1.12 %) and marketed cream (19.78±1.01 %) which is essential to treat topical fungal diseases. In vivo antifungal studies in Wistar rats infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes revealed that topical application of Gel P and Gel S cured the infection within 3 d compared to 14 d for marketed cream.
Conclusion: This study confirms that the Nanoemulsion gels provided greater permeation followed by cure rates of poorly soluble Terbinafine HCl in animal model and hence these systems could be the preferred drug carriers for drugs intended for topical use to overcome the permeability and efficacy problems.
Keywords: Terbinafine HCl, Nanoemulsion gel, permeability, poorly soluble drug, Topical antifungal, Trich...
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.... In the case of topical delivery, poor permeability of drug leads to prolonged therapy thereby contributing to increased cost of therapy and decreased patient compliance. One of the approaches to overcome such problems is by lipid based colloidal sub-micron drug delivery. This technology allows high concentration of drug to penetrate the skin as the lipophilic intercellular pathway of skin allows materials of less than 20 nm [1] and functionally create a drug depot in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Hence the present study relates to the development of a NE incorporated into a gel vehicle without affecting its physicochemical properties and stability.
Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop sub-micron drug delivery system i.e., Nanoemulsion gel (NE gel) for TFH to increase its permeability, in order to accentuate its therapeutic efficacy.
Antimicrobial encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles is a suggested novel drug delivery system to treat CRS. Nanoparticles are categorized into nanospheres (matrix-like structure) and nanocapsules (vesicular systems). Nanospheres are a type of nanoparticles that allows drug encapsulation surrounded by a polymer matrix (Pinto Reis C. et al., 2006). Literature suggests Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) is an attractive polymer to coat the nanospheres due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties (Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011). The nanoprecipitation solvent-diffusion method was chosen for encapsulation of the poorly water-soluble drug MUP. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion is formed. PLGA and MUP in a 1:1...
Terbinafine hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder that is sold as Lamisil in tablet, cream, and powder form. ...
The term nanocarriers includes a wide range of different nanosized drug delivery systems. The oldest and at the same time the most clinically established nanocarriers are liposomes, spheres composed of an aqueous core surrounded by one or more concentric lipid bilayers. They are suited for the encapsulation of both hydrophillic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively in the aqueous core and whitin the lipid membrane (Hafner e.a. 2014). Liposomes increase thus the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, they enable trapping of drug molecules with a high potency, they reduce systemic side effects and toxicity and they attenuate drug clearance (Riehemann e.a. 2009)
Gels with low gelatin concentrations were fragile and had low mechanical strength. Concentration of gelatin was optimized to be 5% which satisfied the properties of an ideal scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Gelation does not occur in the absence of chemical cross-linker i.e. glutaraldehyde which indirectly indicates the absence of physical cross-linking in gelatin. The mechanical strength of the cryogels increased with increase in gelatin concentrations. It was observed that as the total concentration of polymer precursors was increased from 4% to 8%, glutaraldehyde requirement for synthesizing optimum cryogel decreased from 1.0% to 0.1% (Table 1.1). This result can be better explained by understanding the well studied aspect of cryogelation that in moderately-frozen solutions, dissolved substances concentrate in the regions of non-frozen solvent (un...
The same procedure was done using 10ml of CV and 20ml of sodium hydroxide, both separately diluted to 50ml and added in a large beaker. The absorbance was recorded. In the last trial, 10ml of CV, 10ml of NaOH were diluted to 50ml. Before adding the two mixtures, 1ml of soap was added to the NaOH solution and then poured into a large beaker, along with the CV. Absorbance was recorded and the materials
Yogeshwar G, Bachhav B Patravale V (2009) Microemulsion based vaginal gel of fluconazole: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 365: 175-79.
Nanoparticles present a high surface area to volume ratio with decrease in the size of the particles. Specific surface area is relevant to catalytic activity and other related properties such as the antimicrobial activity (Bae et al., 2010). As the specific surface area of nanoparticles is increased, their biological effectiveness will also increase on the count of a rise in surface area (Mukunthan et al., 2011). Nanoparticles of noble metals, such as silver, gold and platinum are widely applied in products that directly come in contact with human body, such as shampoos, soaps, detergents, shoes, cosmetic products and toothpaste, besides medical and pharmaceutical applications (Mukunthan et al., 2011).
The physical studies were designed to ensure the stability of final formulation. The physical mixture of drug and lipids in the ratio of 1:1 was placed in glass vials, sealed and stored in 40ºc and 75% RH. The sample were withdrawn at pre determine time intervals of 15 and 21 day and examined for physical and chemical integrity of drug and Excipient. Parameter such as colour, odour or gas formation and aggregation were noted.
Comprehensive research has been carried out on it as a macromolecular carrier for proteins or drugs delivery for the application of biomedical medicine. Inform of its architecture, the hydroxyl groups attached to dextran’s main chain make it possible to undergo oxidation with periodate to give an entry made up of multiple aldehyde groups, which serves as the polymer cross-linker for free amino group-bearing polymers to form the hydrogels. Therefore,. Gelatin hydrogel is characterized by rapid solubilization when in an environment that is aqueous and easily melts within the range of body temperature, hence limiting its potential in the area of biomedical
For achieving ample efficacy and customer efficacy of the cosmetic emulsion, spreading is an important property. Upon application of these products on skin, water evaporates out leaving behind the oil phase. The amount of spreading that happens from the left over oil phase decides the adequate efficacy of these products. The spreading phenomenon is also investigated due to its widespread and great scientific applications. However, nowadays the number of studies on spreading performed in the cosmetic domain ...
These materials covered the area of 1970s to 2000. As long as they posses the biocompatibility and biofunctionality some new and important characters were also introduced as wel...
Enhanced Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulating improves the solubility of antioxidants, vitamins, healthy omega oils and other neutraceuticals
The air-dried powdered leaves was defatted with petroleum ether for 24 h followed by extracting with ethanol using a soxhlet apparatus for 18hours. After extraction, the liquid extract was concentrated under vacuum to yield dry extract. The dried residue (extract) was preserved in a desiccator until further use . About 5 g of semisolid extract was incorporated into the 100 g of simple ointment base B.P. Simple ointment base was used as control group. Extract ointment was used once daily to treat different groups of animals.
Yano with his co-worker developed polyimide/clay nanocomposite films with four different sizes of clay minerals, such as hectorite, montmorillonite, saponite and synthetic mica to understand the effect of aspect ratio on the barrier properties of nanocomposite. They found that at constant clay content (2 wt%), the relative permeability coefficient decreases with increase the length of the clay [92]. Contradictorily, Cloisite 30B is more effective in reducing the water vapor permeability of poly-lactic acid based nanocomposite films and chitosan based nanocomposite film [90, 56]. Similar results about water vapor permeability of bio-nanocomposite films based on other biopolymers, such as whey protein isolate [93-94], starch [95], soy protein isolate [96-97], poly(caprolactone) [29] and wheat gluten [98] have been
These functional fatty acids have an effective role in treatment/prevention a high number of diseases or disorders such as cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis pains, gastrointestinal cancer, and heart and cardiovascular diseases (Lecerf 2009; Gharibzahedi and others 2013a, 2013b, 2014; Abdulrazaq and others 2017; Cederholm 2017; Eltweri and others 2017; Saljoughian and others 2017). Microencapsulation protects products containing relatively high amounts of ω-3/ω-6 unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation reactions during the exposure to oxygen, metal-ions, light, and high temperatures that leads to oxidative rancidity, polymerization, and color changes. Hence, application of this technology helps in protecting the organoleptic qualities of fatty food and ensures the delivery of bioactive agents in the gut (Gharibzahedi and others 2013a, 2013b; Pourashouri and others 2014a, 2014b; Xia and others 2017). Thus, inclusion of lipophilic components into a polymeric matrix can improve their bioavailability/bioaccessibility through the prevention or reduction of unwanted interactions between PUFAs and other food ingredients (Timilsena and others 2016a;