Process catalyst is playing a very important role in economy. From statistics, there are more than 90% of the chemical manufacturing process and also more than 20% of the industrial product are produced by undergo catalytic steps. In oil industry, also known as petrol refinery industry contain almost entirely of catalytic process. The diagram below shows the world consumption of process catalysis:-
The largest petrol refining catalyst is used in catalytic cracking while the largest-volume products are alkylation and follow by FCC catalyst. Other catalysts also used in hydrotreating, hydrocracking, alkylation and reforming process.
There are many catalysts can be used in the oil industry for each process of petroleum refinery. The very first process that included the using of catalyst is the catalytic cracking process. Briefly, a catalytic process is used to break up the large hydrocarbon bonds from naphtha fraction into smaller chain and more useful material. For modern refinery process, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is widely used. It is the most important conversion process in petroleum refineries which use to convert high-boiling hydrocarbons molecules of crude oil into more valuable products and useful gasoline. This process will be taken place under high temperature and high pressure without catalyst. Therefore, catalyst is used in this process to lower the temperature and pressure used.
The most recent catalyst used in the modern petroleum refinery is zeolites which is a complex compound of aluminosilicates with large lattices of aluminium, oxygen atoms and silicon which carrying negative charge. It is desired for FCC catalyst because it has good stability to high temperature, high activity, low coke production...
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...tion and also hydrogenation process. It is an active carrier to do the complementary reaction. High-purity alumina as a carrier with acid functionality can be moderate by controlling amount of chloride added to the support. By combining acid with metal components, it form a dual-function catalytic system that potentially convert low-octane naphtha and paraffins into high-octane gasoline. Promoter has been added to increase the stability of the catalyst by moderating the rate of coke formation. Platinum-Rhenium ( Pt-Re)is one of the catalyst.
Lastly, there are few more catalysts can be found in oil industry and played important role in specific process. Refer to the table below:
Unit Operation Catalyst Catalyst support
Hydrodesulphurization Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) Alumina Support
Ruthenium disulphide
Catalytic Reforming Platinum
Rhenium
Paladium
What are the functions of the catalyst support? The main functions are the such that it increases the surface area of the active component. By increasing the surface area, more active sites are generated which will increase the efficiency of the catalyst enhancing the catalytic activity. When the support material is of large surface area such as activated carbon, discrete crys...
Syngas through water gas-shift reactions relate multiple reasoning to the foundation and production of several oil and gas related industries. The following analysis of syngas will begin with the explanation of water gas-shift reaction along with related Steam Reform Reactor, and Fischer-Tropsch processes. In the major bulk of the analysis, the complete process of syngas involvement with water gas-shift reactions will be discussed. In addition, catalyst involvement will be introduced in processing techniques. In reference to processing, the explanation will delve into effects from high and low temperature shift catalyst and their compositions. In respect to industrial settings, major examples of the process will also be discussed, which includes production of syngas through multiple uses. A brief explanation in terms of economics, alternate uses, and ecological effects will also be discussed through reverence of syngas through water gas-shift reactions.
Discuss where and how the fuel is obtained or made and the chemical processes involved (plus the energy inputs these processes require) - 19 marks
(Ke C 10,11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from oil which can be useful precursors.
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
The three types of catalytic cracking processes are fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) as the central conversion method used in petroleum refineries, moving...
9. Vispute, T. P., Zhang, H., Sanna, A., Xiao, R. & Huber, G. W. Renewable chemical commodity feedstocks from integrated catalytic processing of pyrolysis oils. Science 330, 1222–7
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
In chemistry, catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of reaction with itself does not combine in reaction. The aim of this essay is researching more about catalyst, for instant how does catalyst work and the example of catalyst. Also, this research might useful for science international foundation students for support revision. First of all, this essay will describe Maxwell Boltzmann distribution diagram and give the meaning of collision theory, then it will discuss on Activation Energy. After that, activation complex will be explained using enthalpy diagram and catalyst pathway will be focused. Following this, there will be a describing about homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, also their own mechanisms and examples. Lastly, this essay will represent the catalytically poisoning.
Base catalysts are highly sensitive to water content due to soap formation which makes separation difficult. Acid catalyst are used when the acid values of the non-edible oils are higher than the performance range of base catalysts. The acid value represents the number of acidic functional groups and is measured in terms of the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic characteristics of the sample. The protonation of the carbonyl group of the ester promotes the formation of a carbocation, which after nucleophilic attack of the alcohol produces a tetrahedral intermediate. This intermediate will eliminate glycerol to form a new ester and to reform the catalyst. Acid-catalyzed transesterification are carried out in the absence of water. The problems with the use of these catalysts are: the requirement for more alcohol; slower reaction rates; higher reaction temperatures and pressures; reactor corrosion and environmental issues. Both homogeneous and heterogonous acid catalysts can be used for transesterification. The acid catalysts more commonly used include, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonated organic acids. Due to the fact that the FFA content of neat edible oils is normally low but these oils are costly and conversion of too much edible oil into biodiesel may cause food crises, use
In India, Petroleum products are used in Agriculture, Sugar mills, Power generation, Mining & Quarrying, Transport (Road, Shipping, Railways), Manufacturing industries (Civil, Iron & Steel Metallurgic, Textile & Fibre, Cement, Ceramics & Glass, Chemicals, Aluminium, Electronics, Fertilizers, Other consumer & industrial goods). End-use of various petroleum products in India is listed in Table 1.
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
Predictions may be made about the suitability of possible catalysts by assuming that the mechanism of catalysis consists of two stages, either of which can be first:
The catalytic process occurs at lower temperature anf offers higher selectivity but requires frequent regeneration of the catalyst. Then, the products are cooled and introduced into a pair of separators which separate the unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen is compressed and recycle back to the feed and reactor. The products that leaving the separators are heated before introduced into a distillation column which the toluene is separated from the stream and recycle back to the...
Fossil fuels are used and burned for the engines of ships, cars, airplane and helicopter engines, lawn appliances, saws, and other machineries. Since the less dense liquid products are in heavy demand for engines for combustion, a refinery will use its ability to convert dense hydrocarbons and less dense gaseous components into numerous higher value products. Petroleum refineries produce millions and millions of crude oil. Interestingly, one oil refinery located in Israel is capable of making up to nine millions tons of crude oil just in one year! The cooling towers of this facility extend so high up into the air, making magnificent landmarks!