Communication is a part of our everyday lifestyle, and more often than not, little thought goes into all of the amazing structures that work together to create something so complicated. While communication may inherently be defined as more than just the process of speech, looking into the mere mechanism that gives us the ability to use speech is an eye-opening experience. Minuscule processes are at work within the larynx to create what we know as phonation—that is “the product of vibrating [the] vocal folds”—which is one of the stepping-stones toward forming speech and communication as we know it. (Seikel, King, & Drumright, 2010, p. 165).
Looking at the larynx, one would see a structure made up of cartilage and muscles that sits at the top end of the trachea. As a part of this structure, there are six cartilages and one bone, all working together to help protect the airway as well as to facilitate the production of sound, which travels to be formed by the articulators which creates what we know as speech. As well, a variety of effects is created within the vocal folds merely by changing the tension, length, and mass (Seikel et al., 2010, p. 247).
One of the most important cartilages for speech within the larynx is the arytenoid cartilage. The arytenoids are one of three sets of paired cartilages within the larynx, and the vocal and muscular processes of the arytenoids are where the vocal folds attach (Seikel et al., 2010, p. 181-183). Through a series of many different muscles and synovial joints—that is, the most mobile type of joints (Seikel et al., 2010, p. 18)—the vocal folds can be stretched and modified in order to change pitch, adduct, and abduct. The specific joints that do this are the cricothyroid joint—connecting the...
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...s. Without a knowledge of the anatomy of the vocal folds and lack of understanding of the workings of phonation, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to adequately treat certain disorders.
Works Cited
Paradoxical Vocal Fold Movement (PVFM). (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2013, from http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/PVFM.htm
Reeve, M. (2005). The Structure of the Vocal Folds. Retrieved November 19, 2013, from http://www.voicesource.co.uk/article/152
Seikel, J. A., King, D. W., & Drumright, D. G. (2010). Anatomy & physiology for speech, language, and hearing (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
Small, L. H. (2012). Fundamentals of phonetics: A practical guide for students (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Vocal Cord Paralysis (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2013, from http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/vfparalysis/
The next speaker, Dr. Gottlieb investigated the hearing aspect of our senses. He investigated the interaction between our heari...
Session #1: The speech language pathologist (SLP) modeled and role-played different types of voice tone. According to Jed Baker (2003), when demonstrat...
The phonemic restoration phenomenon was first demonstrated by Warren (1970). He conducted an experiment on a number of listeners where he got them to listen to the sentence, “The state governors met with their respective legislatures convening in the capital city”. However, in the word “legislatures” a cough completely masked the medial “s”. Listeners stated hearing the masked phoneme. This showed that when phonemic restoration occurred, listeners were not able to identify the masking sound position in the sentence. What they received was unconsciously interpreted. In other words, the efficiency of phonemic restoration reached the extent that the listeners did not notice it. (Kashino, 2006). Amazingly, the phonemic restoration effect was not observed when “s” was masked with silence!
Seikel, J. A., King, D. W., & Drumright, D. G. (2010). 12. Anatomy & physiology for speech,
Goal: In 6 weeks, with a treatment frequency of 5 hours a week, mrs. K. speaks words with velar sounds (/ng/ /g/ /k/) in a 1-to-1 conversation with an acquaintance in an intelligible way.
I decided to go about this assignment by making a table (table 1.) and marking how many times I hear or notice nine different vocal changes, as well as certain miscellaneous anomalies.
...lman, J., Ramig, L., Story, B., & Fox, C. (2007). Effects of intensive voice treatment (the lee silverman voice treatment [lsvt]) on vowel articulation in dysarthric individuals with idiopathic parkinson disease: acoustic and perceptual findings.Journal Of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 50(4), 899-912.
The primary role of the phonological loop is to store mental representations of auditory information (in Passer, 2009). It has limited capacity and holds information in a speech based form. It is further subdivided into two more components; the articulatory rehearsal system which has a limited capacity of 2 seconds and rehearses information verbally and is linked to speech production and the phonological store which temporarily holds speech based information (in Smith, 2007)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (November 2002). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/coch.asp
The role of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is a challenging but imperative role to society. When there is pathology present in an individual’s communication, either language-based or speech-based, serious adverse effects can impact the quality and functionality of their lives. This is why I am perusing a career as an SLP. The ever-changing profession as an SLP allures me to the field because the learning never ends. As an academic, I am always prepared to absorb new information, and SLP’s must stay updated on the most current research, to ensure that they are providing the most appropriate services for their clients. Also, because every client is unique with diverse
"Speech Development." Cleft Palate Foundation. Cleft Palate Foundation, 25 Oct 2007. Web. 10 Mar 2014.
There comes a time in our life when we know what we want to say, but it does not come out the way we thought it would. Such as being worried about reading out loud in class, going up to an employee in a fast food restaurant to order a simple meal, or making a presentation in class can be terrifying for most individuals with an articulation disorder. An articulation disorder consist of having difficulties producing sounds, substituting sounds, leaving out letters in a word, or adding or changing letters in a word. In most cases when individuals have trouble articulating words he/she might have problems with the main articulators which include: the jaw, lips, teeth, tongue, velum, alveolar ridge, and hard/soft palate. These articulators play
Speech sounds can be defined as those that belong to a language and convey meaning. While the distinction of such sounds from other auditory stimuli such as the slamming of a door comes easily, it is not immediately clear why this should be the case. It was initially thought that speech was processed in a phoneme-by-phoneme fashion; however, this theory became discredited due to the development of technology that produces spectrograms of speech. Research using spectrograms in an attempt to identify invariant features of formant frequency patterns for each phoneme have revealed several problems with this theory, including a lack of invariance in phoneme production, assimilation of phonemes, and the segmentation problem. An alternative theory was developed based on evidence of categorical perception of phonemes: Liberman’s Motor Theory of Speech Perception rests on the postulation that speech sounds are recognised through identification of how the sounds are produced. He proposed that as well as a general auditory processing module there is a separate module for speech recognition, which makes use of an internal model of articulatory gestures. However, while this theory initially appeared to account for some of the features of speech perception, it has since been subject to major criticism, and other models have been put forward, such as Massaro’s fuzzy logic model of perception.
The ear is looked upon as a miniature receiver, amplifier and signal-processing system. The structure of the outer ear catching sound waves as they move into the external auditory canal. The sound waves then hit the eardrum and the pressure of the air causes the drum to vibrate back and forth. When the eardrum vibrates its neighbour the malleus then vibrates too. The vibrations are then transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. Together the three bones increase the pressure which in turn pushes the membrane of the oval window in and out. This movement sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea. The bulging of the oval window then pushes on the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. From here the pressure waves are transmitted from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and then eventually finds its way to the round window. This causes the round window to bulge outward into the middle ear. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani walls are now deformed with the pressure waves and the vestibular membrane is also pushed back and forth creating pressure waves in the endolymph inside the cochlear duct. These waves then causes the membrane to vibrate, which in turn cause the hairs cells of the spiral organ to move against the tectorial membrane. The bending of the stereo cilia produces receptor potentials that in the end lead to the generation of nerve impulses.
All languages have vast variety of speech sound. Phonology have essentials terms in which each of them show the difference between how phonology is differ than phonetics as its not responsible for how to articulate. These phonological terms known as : phoneme , allophone, clear & dark l , syllabic l, minimal pairs , assimilation ,linking r , intrusive r, aspiration , consonant structure & syllable structure. A phoneme is a meaningful sound which shows the difference between two sounds which can change the meaning of word like : . Although allophones are the variation of same sound but they don’t change the meaning of it like < pin / spin >. However