[1]. Image Encryption Using Affine Transform and XOR Operation (2011)
In this paper, Amitava Nag, Jyoti Prakash Singh, Srabani Khan, Sushanta Biswas, D. Sarkar and Partha Pratim Sarkar have imparted an approach, which employs 64 bits key in the encryption. First, the recommended technique operates the affine transformation to dispel the pixels by applying four sub keys of 8 bits. Thereafter, the algorithm cleaves the image into 2*2 pixel block size, and afterward, applies an XOR operation on each block with four sub key of 8 bits to modify the pixel values. The consequences disclose that the presented algorithm is effective to reduce the correlation between pixels, in addition, provides the feasible security level to images.
[2]. A New Chaotic System for Image Encryption (2012)
In this paper, Long Bao and Yicong Zhou have imparted a new chaotic system that constitutes the three distinct one dimensional chaotic maps [2]. The proposed technique employs the Logistic map as a controller to choose the Tent map or a Sine map to generate random sequences [2]. Thereafter, the proposed system applies the substitution-permutation network (SPN) structure to obtain the confusion and diffusion property [2] [15]. This technique uses 240 bits size key to large key space. Mainly, this key holds all parameter settings and initial values of the new chaotic system along with high sensitivity in key changes for encryption and decryption. Consequently, the proposed system provides the excellent security against the brute force attack as well as high key sensitivity and chaotic behavior.
[3]. A Novel Digital Image Encryption Method Based on One-dimensional Random Scrambling (2012)
In this paper, Qiudong Sun, Ping Guan, Yongping and Yunfeng Xue have ...
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...9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram,
[20] Karl Pearson(1895), "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution II, Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 186: 343–414.
[21] Xu Shujiang Wang Yinglong, Guo Yucui Wang Cong, “A Novel Chaos-based Image Encryption Scheme”, International Conference on Information Engineering and Computer Science (ICIECS) 2009, 19-20 Dec. 2009, pages: 1- 4.
[22] http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v3/v3-7.pdf Analysis and Comparison of Image Encryption Algorithms by Ismet Öztürk and Ibrahim Soukpinar.
[23] Abhinav Srivastava, “A survey report on Different Techniques of Image Encryption”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012, pages: 163-167.
Technological development in digital wallets continue to fascinate the world and offer to make the Bitcoin environment more secure for users. One of the latest innovation in digital wallet promises to keep users’ private access keys secure as encrypted audio. The encrypted login key is converted into
Upon hearing the word chaos, one's mind usually imagines a place of total disorder and confusion. This is the usual meaning of the word in normal usage. However, there has been a literal explosion of scientific interest in chaos and how to control it or at least understand it. Understanding chaos would undoubtedly be of great benefit to mankind. By making use of this total disorder and
System [14] etc.display chaotic behavior. A hyper chaos system is considered as a chaotic attractor having more than one positive Lyapunov exponents which gives the randomness and higher unpredictability of the corresponding system so the hyper chaos may be more useful in some fields such as communication, encryption etc. On the other hand the area which attracted much attention is chaos synchronization since the seminal work of Pecora and Carroll [12] recently synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems starts to attract increasing attention due to its potential applications in secure communication and control processing. There are many types of synchronization for the fractional-order chaotic systems which are investigated, such as Cs [17], Gs [15], PHs [16], As [18], Ps [19, 20, 22] etc. Amongst all projective synchronization, which was first reported by Mainieri and Rehacek [19], is one of the most noticeable one because it can obtain faster communication with its proportional feature [21, 23]. In PS, the responses of the two systems synchronized up to a constant scaling factor. Recently, on account of linear separation Wang and He [26] introduced projective synchronization of the fractional-order chaotic systems Then GPS of the fractional-order chaotic systems was studied in [20, 24]. However, in the above studies, all the states of the drive and response systems synchronize up to an identical constant scaling factor. In [25], Chen et al. proposed a new hyper chaotic system through adding a nonlinear controller of the three- dimensional autonomous chaotic system. More recently, by stability theory of fractional- order systems and tracking control technique the function projective synchronization between fractional-or...
..., Nicholas G. 2010. “Past, Present, and Future Methods of Cryptography and Data Encryption.” Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Work Cited Colby, Chris. A. Web. " An Introduction to Evolutionary Biology." 28 August 2015.
Chaos Theory has made quite an impact on the modern world. Even in its infancy it has been a powerful tool in shaping popular thought of the natural world. Once dismissed as a theoretical science with no practical application, chaos theory has blossomed into an intricate and beautiful pattern, much like the fractals it deals with. Chaos theory is a complex combination of math and physics, but with its mastery comes a new era in the human understanding of the world around us.
Darwin, Charles. From The Origin of Species. New York: P.F. Collier and Son Corporation, 1937. 71-86; 497-506.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
Despite the numerous advantages offered by cloud computing, security is a big issue concerned with cloud computing. There are various security issues and concerns associated with cloud computing, among them being phishing, data loss and data privacy. There are different mitigation measures that cloud pioneers are currently using to ensure data stored in the cloud remain secure and confidential as intended. Encryption is one mitigation method used to ensure security in cloud computing. According to Krutz and Vines (2010), encryption involves coding of the data stored in the computing cloud such that hackers cannot gain access to the data. Data encryption seems to be the most effective method of ensuring security in computing (Krutz and Vines, 2010). However, it is of paramount importance to note that encrypted data is usually difficult to search or perform various calculations on it.
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
The protection of data being transferred between ATMs and the bank, and the use of cell phones is the most common everyday encounter with encryption. To encrypt and decrypt information a cipher is used. In a cipher there is a set of well-defined steps that can be followed to encrypt and decrypt messages. The use of a cipher relies greatly on the use of an encryption key. The key may contain any auxiliary information added to the cipher to produce certain
As a part of under graduating course I presented my major project on JPEG Encoding and Decoding using MATLAB technology, which included going from a basic grayscale bitmap image all the way to a fully encoded file readable by standard image readers.
Due to growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of images.Encryption is one of the ways to ensure high securityImages are used in many fields such as medical science, military; they are stored or transfer through network, security of such image data is important.This work proposes a novel scheme for the security of such images by the method of separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images. In the first phase, a content owner encrypts the original uncompressed image using an encryption key. Then, a data-hider may compress the least significant bits of the encrypted imageusing a data-hiding key to create a sparse space to accommodate some additionaldata.With an encrypted image containing additional data, if a receiverhas the data-hiding key, he can extract the additional data thoughhe does not know the image content. If the receiver has the encryption key,he can decrypt the received data to obtain an image similar to the originalone, but cannot extract the additional data. If the receiver has both thedata-hiding key and the encryption key, he can extract the additional dataand recover the original content without any error by exploiting the spatialcorrelation in natural image when the amount of additional data is not toolarge.
Symmetric cryptography, also known as secret key cryptography, has been in use for thousands of years in forms ranging from simple substitution ciphers(figures) to more complex developments. Be that as it may, improvements in science and the development of computing power have made it possible to make ciphers(figures) that are effectively unbreakable and secured. Symmetric frameworks are for the most part quick however are powerless so the key used to encrypt must be imparted to whomever needs to decrypt the message. The IBM-created figure DES has been generally utilized yet is presently toward the finish of its helpful life and is expected for substitution. Whatever figure designers use in their applications, it's vital to consider the
Nonlinear relationship is also a key principle of chaos theory (Hudson, 2000). According to Hudson (2000), nonlinearity is necessary for chaos. It shows the disproportion of cause and eff...