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Begining of animal assisted therapy
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Begining of animal assisted therapy
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Currently, I am a senior at the University of Nebraska at Omaha pursuing a dual major in Neuroscience and Psychology. I have always been interested in human-animal interactions from multiple perspectives including the psychological, sociological, personal and ethical perspectives. From a psychological perspective, I have studied the importance of animal-assisted therapies in various clinical disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). I have also studied human-animal interaction in the context of violent offenders and the associated cases of animal abuse. Furthermore, I have studied human-animal interactions from a behavioral psychological approach. Great behaviorist researchers such as Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner made great strides in understanding human and animal behavior using classical and operant conditioning. Today, both classical and operant conditioning are commonly used in animal training. Last semester, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to use a Skinner Box and condition a lab rat using operant conditioning. It was an interesting experience for me; I was exposed to training and regulations proposed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which provided insight into the strict care and interactions mandated in animal research. Throughout my academic career, I have studied much research which utilized animal testing. I have performed dissections and profusions which forced me to personally analyze my own ethics and morals in regards to animal testing. In the Behavioral Neuroscience Lab here at UNO, we conducted a behavioral experiment using lab rats. We then performed profusions, dissections, and prepared slides of the rats’ brains. It was very difficult for me to complete th... ... middle of paper ... ...d States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library. (2014). Federal Agencies. Retrieved from United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library: http://awic.nal.usda.gov/government-and-professional-resources/federal-agencies United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Lubrary. (2014). Animal Welfare Act. Retrieved from United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Lubrary: http://awic.nal.usda.gov/government-and-professional-resources/federal-laws/animal-welfare-act Vivisection Information Network. (2010). UPDATED: How many animals are used? Retrieved from Vivisection Information Network: http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_76_UPDATED-How-many-animals-are-used Zurlo, J., Rudacille, D., & Goldberg, A. M. (1996). The Three R's: The Way Forward. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(8).
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library. Animal Welfare Act. 8 April 2014. 14 April 2014.
In modern society, animal experimentation has triggered a controversy; consequently, vast amount of protests have been initiated by the animal rights community. Although these organizations have successfully broadcasted their concerns toward animal experimentation, its application continues to survive. Sally Driscoll and Laura Finley inform that there remain fifty million to one-hundred million animals that experience testing or experimentation throughout the world on a yearly basis. But despite opposition, animal experimentation, the use of experiments on animals in order to observe the effects an unknown substance has on living creatures, serves multiple purposes. Those particular purposes are: research of the living body, the testing of
...ted States. Department of Agriculture. Animal Care Blue Book. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations. United States Department of Agriculture. Web. 23 Dec. 2013. .
There are hardly any federal laws in general that protect farm animals. States can make
Since psychology’s founding, animals has been used as an important way for psychologist to test their hypnosis, and conduct experiments. From Pavlov’s experiments with Dogs and response, to a modern lab studying the brain of sleeping rats, Animals have provided a huge opening in psychological testing. A significant amount of psychological tests would be impossible without the use of animals. Some people claim the psychological research on animals is inhumane citing psychological test involving electric shocks. Others, however, claim that psychological testing on animals, not only provides important research to help improve the lives of both people and animal, but also creates a way to preform test that would be impossible with human subjects.
“Animal Welfare Act as of February 1, 2010.” Animal Welfare Information Center. United States Department of Agriculture. 8 Nov. 2011. PDF. 19 Nov. 2011.
Philips, Trevor. "Human Self-Interest Will Ensure That Animal Experimentation Continues." The Independent (25 Apr. 1998). Rpt. in Animal Experimentation. Ed. Cindy Mur. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 21 Apr. 2011.
Adams, Johnathan. “Animal Welfare Act and Regulations.” August 22, 2000 [last update] < <a href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm > 1996.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
“Every year, scientists use millions of animals- mostly mice and rats- in experiments. The practice provokes passionate debates over the morality and efficacy of such research- and how to make it more humane.” – John F. Lauerman
Experimentation has been performed on animals such as rats, mice, and primates in testing various products from cosmetics to drugs. The experimentation of animals usually involves pumping a substance into the animal’s stomach or applying it to the skin and eyes; they are confined to cages and not allowed the freedom of their natural way of life. According to a report by PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals),” this causes great stress and discomfort to the animals (2011).” The animals may not die, but they are scared and maimed for the rest of their lives. Practices such as this are still used today even though there are cheaper and more conclusive ways of conducting this testing; in vitro (test tube), genomic, computer modeling technique, and human volunteering. These research methods are more humane, cost effective alternatives to animal testing. “The harms to the animal conflict with perceived societal benefits that will result if ...
Animal welfare is a fairly recent, yet troubling argument in society. This subject is a strong argument on a variety of opinions. Animal welfare has become a major issue and has grown internationally. The human concern and the safety and rights of animals is the meaning of the concept of animal welfare. Through decades of animal welfare, people fight to prevent the action of animal cruelty and bring help towards animal rights.
In my reaction paper I will discuss B.F. Skinners theory operant conditioning and the ways he tested it out on animals, how it relates to humans, and how I can relate operant conditioning to my own personal life.
It has long been debated as to whether it is ethical to use animals for experimentation. When considering whether animal research is ethically acceptable or not two main concerns must be raised. The first issue is whether it is absolutely necessary to use animals in order to acquire information that may contribute to the improvement of people’s health and well-being. The second issue is whether the use of animals is defendable on a moral ground.
Animals can be perceived in many different ways. While some humans consider animals to be mindless machines programmed with instinct, others view them as spiritual creatures capable of coherent thought and emotions. I feel that animals are somewhere in the middle. Although they rely heavily on instinct, the ability to feel emotions shows that their mental capacity is not far from that of a human.