Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is reported as a major health problem in Africa, Western Pacific and Asian countries especially in sub-Saharan Africa with population 65 million patients that has chronic HBV [3, 4]. The HBV infection is interplay between virus replication and host immune system. Large numbers of regulatory T cell (Treg) are found in the HBV patients because the HBV specific CD8 T cell is inhibited by this Treg cell [5]. By transmitting through the skin or mucous membrane, HBV will cause chronic infection and affect the liver cancer and followed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2]. Basically, HBV infection are described by four levels of phase that is immune tolerant phase, immune reactive phase, resolution phase and reactivation phase [2].
Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the diseases that closely related to the infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The institution of Taiwan’s program of universal Hepatitis B vaccination reported that children have stronger association towards HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma compared to adult. After 10 years of launching the vaccination program, the data reported that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is declined from 0.52 to 0.13 referring to the children between 6 to 9 years [1]. In addition, early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma can be enhancing by screening the HBV with ultrasonography and alfa-fatoprotein [2]. The decrease in HBsAg-seropositivity automatically reduced the rate of horizontal HBV infection and reflects the decline in hepatocellular carcinoma [1].
Based on the case-control and cohort studies show that the presence of HBsAg in serum causes the chronic HBV infection and elevated for...
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...atient with moderate HBV and offered 4-6 months interferon, 1 year course of lamivudine and adefovir. However, the patient that has chronic HBV is not recommended to use the treatment because the efficacy of existing therapy is very low but at the same time, it must be monitored [4]. In patients, interferon-α are contraindicated with the severe depression, autoimmune disease or deteriorated HBV related cirrhosis. Other than that, interferon-α also give the better response to the HBV genotype A and B compared to the genotype C and D [6, 10].
After 1 year treatment with interferon-α, the HBeAg of HBV patients are lost about 15-25% [4]. Lamivudine on the other hands show that 10-15% with lower incidence seroconversion of HBeAg [4, 10]. Emergence of adefovir resistance is associated with liver failure and reported that resistance to adefovir is slower that lamivudine.
Hepatitis B virus infection is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. Approximately 2.2 million people in the United States of America are infected with Hepatitis B virus. Many of these patients, though they appear healthy, continue to spread the virus to others. Hepatitis B virus infection can be transmitted in the following ways: contact with contaminated blood (shared needles), sexual contact, and from mother to child. Unlike Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B is not spread through food, water, or causal contact. 95% of adults who get Hepatitis B can clear the virus through their system. However the remainder of the adults go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. This can
The Hepatitis B virus is a disease that affects the liver and results in swelling and loss of normal function in the liver. It is estimated that 350 million people are infected with Hepatitis B worldwide, with 50 million new cases diagnosed every year.(1) In the Unit...
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that leads to infection of the liver. Infection of the HBV can be acute or lifelong (chronic). Humans are the only known host for HBV (CSC, 2017). This virus can survive on environmental surfaces for up to seven days (WHO, 2017).
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that attacks the liver. The virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. This can occur through direct blood-to-blood contact, unprotected sex, use of contaminated needles, and from an effected mother to her newborn during the delivery process. The majority of people do not have noticeable symptoms when they are first infected with the HBV. People who do not know they are infected with the HBV, their body can respond in different ways. I learned that some of the common symptoms of Hepatitis B infection include fever, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, loss of appetite, mild nausea, vomiting, and dark-colored urine. Some of the serious symptoms that require immediate medical attention and maybe even hospitalization are: severe nausea and vomiting, yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), bloated or swollen stomach.
As chronic viral hepatitis has a high prevalence in patients with HIV, clinicians should assess the risk of development of hepatotoxicity in these patients whenever HAART is initiated.7
Hepatitis B is a bacterial infection that displays symptoms like a visible rash on the surface of the skin, headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, chills, severe liver damage, and can even lead to death. It can be contracted through close contact, especially sexual contact, through lesions on the skin from an infected person (Leu). Another required vaccination is Tdap. “It usually enters the body through the mouth and begins its replication in the throat and gastrointestinal tract. It moves to the bloodstream and continues to replicate and destroy motor neurons in the central nervous system. These are the motor neurons responsible for control of the muscles for swallowing, circulation, respiration and movement of the trunk, arms and legs” (Furnari). The last required vaccination is Hib. Symptoms for Hib include asthma, upper respiratory tract infections, lung disease, recurrent bronchitis, and death. Each of these vaccinations are required by schools to ensure the health of their
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
The signs and symptoms of blood borne pathogens vary based on the type of disease it is and the ability of a person’s immune system to fight it off. In most cases hepatitis B does not need to be treated and the body can fight it off on its own. However a long-term infection can develop in some people that can cause liver damage. There is a vaccination available to prevent acquiring the disease. The signs and symptoms for hepatitis C are usually mild. It can take two weeks to six months after contact before signs begin to show, or there may not be any symptoms at all. Hepatitis C typically becomes is a long-term infection and after many years will cause liver ...
Acute HBV infection is the most common type of infection in low endemic countries. The incubation period, from transmission to clearness, ranges from 40-180 days. The infection is either symptomatic or asymptomatic/ fulminant hepatitis. Children under the age of 5 years rarely experience symptomatic infection (10%), where’s about 30-40% infected adults and children above age 5 experience a symptomatic infection with yellowing of skin and teeth, vomiting, fatigue, laxity and abdominal pain [1].
“Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.”("What Is Hepatitis?") There are three main types of hepatitis. These include hepatitis A, B, and C. These three types of hepatitis cause the most concern to medical staff due to their ability to spread and cause outbreaks. “Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis A virus.” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) It can range from acute to chronic. An individual can become infected with hepatitis A if they eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated with the virus. Some common “sources of vitamin A include shellfish, fruits, vegetables, ice and water”. (U.S. National Library of Medicine. “Hepatitis A.”) Hepatitis B is a serious, endemic, worldwide disease that can occur at any age. (Wilkins 45) The hepatitis B virus causes hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is transmitted though contact with the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. (U.S. National Library of Medicine. “Hepatitis B.”) Hepatitis C...
There are a number of ways that the current treatment for hepatitis C could improved. In the future researchers aim to develop a more effective, safe and well-tolerated interferon therapy. They have also created a new vaccine technology that has been tested in mice for its therapeutic efficiency against the most conserved regions of the hepatitis genome. They hope to eventually develop drugs that target the hepatitis C RNA-dependant RNA polymerase enzyme, which is responsible for the replication of the entire hepatitis C genome, and prevent the replication of the hepatitis C virus directly.9 Although hepatitis C is a very serious disease of the liver, technologies and medications have been proven to be effective in many chronically infected persons with hepatitis C virus.
Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.
HBV infection is complex and affects a large population worldwide. The discovery of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) in 1965 by Blumberg et al. (1965) set the stage for rapid progress in understanding and counteracting the disease (qtd in Zuckerman et al. 210). Liver function tests help in estimating the extent of damage caused to the liver during HBV infection. Diagnosis is done by detecting viral specific antigens in the serum. Both active and passive immunization options exist for disease prophylaxis. However, it is always best to practice caution over the parenteral, sexual and other routes of transmission of the disease for effective disease prevention and prophylaxis.
Hepatitis B was the first of the hepatitis viruses to be discovered. There are seven genotypes for hepatitis B (Zein & Edwards, 2009). There are two forms of the disease, acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis B is a form which lasts less than six months, whereas chronic hepatitis B lasts from six months on. Symptoms of acute hepatitis B include: fever, abdominal upset, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, and changes in the way things taste or smell (Zein & Edwards, 2009). Some individuals infected with acute hepatitis B display symptoms, while others show no symptoms. Acute hepatitis B often goes undetected as a result.