Pressured by the demands of a growing population and limited by resources in a volatile economy, the government of Tanzania has created a decentralized multi-tiered health system. The majority of the system’s health facilities (approx. 65%) are government-run; however faith-based and for-profit providers also supply instrumental care services (Borghi et al. 2012). The system assumes and facilitates disparities in individuals’ wealth and accessibility to care. It employs a hierarchy of health services to provide people with general health services locally, and then refer them to increasingly more centralized and specialized facilities as needed. At the base of this operation are “health workers” (HW), who provide primary care to local community …show more content…
For example, in the last 15 years the government has created four public health insurance schemes. However, these schemes are only available to public servants, which help explain a low national insurance coverage, estimated 18.1%,(Mtei et al. 2012). The largest scheme, National Health Insurance (NHI), provides public servants and immediate family members with healthcare by requiring them to pay 3% of their monthly income. The government then matches this …show more content…
In of 2010, the population of Tanzania was 43.2 million and had an annual growth rate of 2.5%. Thus, by 2025 the system will have to accommodate the needs of 50% more people (Borghi et al. 2012). The system is also faced with the task of meeting the demands of a population with rapidly changing health concerns. For example, between 1990 and 2013, the IHME estimates that the Disability Adjusted life years (DALY) and Years Life Lost (YLL) for HIV/AIDS, increased by 123% and 128% in
For decades, one of the many externalities that the government is trying to solve is the rising costs of healthcare. "Rising healthcare costs have hurt American competitiveness, forced too many families into bankruptcy to get their families the care they need, and driven up our nation's long-term deficit" ("Deficit-Reducing Healthcare Reform," 2014). The United States national government plays a major role in organizing, overseeing, financing, and more so than ever delivering health care (Jaffe, 2009). Though the government does not provide healthcare directly, it serves as a financing agent for publicly funded healthcare programs through the taxation of citizens. The total share of the national publicly funded health spending by various governments amounts to 4 percent of the nation's gross domestic product, GDP (Jaffe, 2009). By 2019, government spending on Medicare and Medicaid is expected to rise to 6 percent and 12 percent by 2050 (Jaffe, 2009). The percentages, documented from the Health Policy Brief (2009) by Jaffe, are from Medicare and Medicaid alone. The rapid rates are not due to increase of enrollment but growth in per capita costs for providing healthcare, especially via Medicare.
During the second half of the twentieth-century, French politicians continued to expand the French National Health Insurance, or NHI, throughout the French population. In 2000, the last 1% of the population was reached (Rodwin 1). Additionally, 8% of the population was given supplementary care during this time all of which were under the “income ceiling” (Rodwin 1). Therefore, every person in France has insurance, no matter his or her income; in fact, health insurance is compulsory. While universality is not exclusive to the French system, it is certainly a factor that not all countries can boast. By giving universal healthcare, the French system prevents great disparities in levels of health around the country and creates a more equal
...nover of these workers they need to address these areas. The message being sent out to these workers is that they are not worth investing in. This message must be changed urgently. Unless governments adopt standardised training, regulation of HCAs and Improved pay and conditions; excellent levels of patient care and safety will not be attained. in order to deliver excellent patient care and to better the training, employment and living prospects of the largest proportion of the ‘nursing’ workforce. The paradox is that the lowest paid care workers are those who we expect to work the most independently, going into the homes of strangers, and having to deal with what they find there, without any direct supervision. This requires a high level of resilience. Calling this “basic” care does not reflect the fact that getting it right is a deeply skilled task (DoH, 2013).
Out of all the industrialized countries in the world, the United States is the only one that doesn’t have a universal health care plan (Yamin 1157). The current health care system in the United States relies on employer-sponsored insurance programs or purchase of individual insurance plans. Employer-sponsored coverage has dropped from roughly 80 percent in 1982 to a little over 60 percent in 2006 (Kinney 809). The government does provide...
Since the 60s, government budgets have been influenced by the need to finance healthcare especially the cost of Medicare and Medicaid benefits. According to CMS’ National Health Expenditure Projections , total health care expenditures have grown by an average of 2.5 percentage points faster per year than the nation‘s Gross Domestic Product. For about 60 percent of workers who receive some form of health care coverage from their employers, the cost of their health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket expenses have increased significantly faster than their own wages; and between 1999 and 2008, both average health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket costs for deductibles, co-payments for medications, and co-insura...
Although the sub-Saharan region accounts for just 10% of the world’s population, 67% (22.5 million) of the 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, 83% have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Gilks, 1999, p. 180). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa as do 95% of all AIDS orphans. In several of the 34 sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of every 4 adults is HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 1). Taxing low-income countries with health care systems inadequate to handle the burden of non-AIDS related illnesses, AIDS has devastated many of the sub-Saharan African economies. The impact of AIDS on the region is such that it is now affecting demographics - changing mortality and fertility rates, reducing lifespan, and ultimately affecting population growth.
A country’s health care system refers to all the institutions, programs, personnel, procedures, and the resources that are used to meet the health needs of its population. Health care systems vary from one country to another, depending on government policies and the health needs of the population. Besides, health care programs are flexible in the sense that they are tailored to meet health needs as they arise. Among the stakeholders in the formulation of a country’s health care system are governments, religious groups, non-governmental organizations, charity organizations, trade/labor unions, and interested individuals (Duckett, 2008). These entities formulate, implement, evaluate, and reform health services according to the needs of the sections of the population they target.
Among all the countries visited by Reid there is a wide range of cost for health coverage. In Great Britain, because the hospitals are government owned, citizens pay nothing outright for their health coverage, but they do pay higher taxes than in the US. In Japan, all people in the country have to sign up for health insurance, whether it be through their employer or through their community. In Germany people pay based on income and, whatever the price, they split the total cost with their employer. Switzerland citizens all have to pay...
Life expectancy is the average period that a person may expect to live. This is directly related to mortality which is the amount of deaths in a particular population during a specific period of time (OECD, 2009). According to World Health Organization the average Life expectancy in the world was 70 in 2011, varying from 80 to 60 with developed countries such as Japan at the peak with 80 whereas developing countries like Uganda and South Africa are at close to the bottom with 43 and 63 respectively (WHO, 2014). It can be argued that life expectancy has a close relationship with the average income of a country (Wilkinson, 1992). Countries with low life expectancy are usually characterized by low standard of living such as the outbreak of diseases and epidemics, poor medical intervention facility, mass illiteracy, low human development Index and so on (Evans & Hunt, 2009). Although life expectancy is a result of the combination of several factors, this essay will only focus on HIV/AIDS as a factor in South Africa. It will also look at HIV/AIDS as a problem associated with life expectancy, then the administering of antiretroviral therapy and the use of condoms as possible solutions.
In many parts of the world that are considered lower or middle-class countries, health disparities are cause of major concern that leads to unnecessary disease and possible death. Many variables affect how and why many citizens of lower and middle-class countries struggle to obtain adequate healthcare. One region of the world classified as a lower socio economic territory is Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to the lack of health care in Ethiopia such as access to care, high cost of care, and being uneducated, to name a few. One idea that hinders many citizens in Ethiopia to attain healthcare is the access to the healthcare system. This research project will entail the issue of access to the health care system; ways it is affecting the lives of those living in Ethiopia, and measures that can be taken to possibly increase the availability and attainment of healthcare.
The health care systems of the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and Switzerland cover everyone and produce some of the best health statistics in the world. The best component of the United Kingdom's health care system is that it takes the weight of paying medical bills off the shoulders of its citizens entirely by the government paying for health care (Palfreman, 2008). Citizens contribute to their health care only by paying the taxes that fund it, which seems like a much better idea than paying hundreds of dollars monthly just for insurance. An major aspect of the Japanese health care system that contributes to its success is the fact that everybody must purchase some sort of health insurance (Palfreman, 2008). The poor are given aid in order to pay for their premiums. The best part of this is that insurance companies are forbidden from turning down anyone, so everyone is covered despite any past illnesses. Germany also provides health insurance to all their citizens, and cannot turn down anyone (Palfreman, 2008). They, also, give public assistance to those who cannot pay for thei...
The United States health care system is one of the most elaborate health systems in the world. Health care services are provided by distinct health care organizations with most of them operated and owned by private individuals. Over a half of the medical facilities in the country are non-profit with a considerable percentage of government-owned organizations. The efficiency of their work `depends on numerous factors determined by governametal regulations. This essay digs into the effectiveness of the US health system regarding delivery, financing, management, and sustainability as the issues that stimulated the necessity of the health care reform.
Health care cost, the cost which are related to health care, and which are not paid for by insurance. The health care costs have continued to consume national budget and even individuals. The increasing healthcare cost are interfering with the rapid economic growth because money intended for development is used on healthcare. The cost of healthcare is determined by the approach adopted by certain government or country. The basic values upheld by a society create a perception that determines cost consideration in formulating procedures, polices and outcome in healthcare. The National Health Insurance (NHI) costs have been steadily rising in the recent past causing a major concern on the impact on individuals, service providers and the government.
The country faces various health challenges including a high burden of communicable diseases (such as HIV/AIDS that is responsible for 29.3% of all deaths, malaria and Tuberculosis) and non-communicable diseases (Government of Kenya, 2011). Health services are provided by government, missionaries, ...
The emergence of HIV/AIDS is viewed globally as one of the most serious health and developmental challenges our society faces today. Being a lentivirus, HIV slowly replicates over time, attacking and wearing down the human immune system subsequently leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) at which point the affected individual is exposed to life threatening illnesses and eventual death. Despite the fact that a few instances of this disease have been accounted for in all parts of the world, a high rate of the aforementioned living with HIV are situated in either low or medium wage procuring nations. The Sub-Saharan region Africa is recognized as the geographic region most afflicted by the pandemic. In previous years, people living with HIV or at risk of getting infected did not have enough access to prevention, care and treatment neither were they properly sensitized about the disease. These days, awareness and accessibility to all the mentioned (preventive methods, care etc.) has risen dramatically due to several global responses to the epidemic. An estimated half of newly infected people are among those under age 25(The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic). It hits hard as it has no visible symptoms and can go a long time without being diagnosed until one is tested or before it is too late to manage.