But in our study obese with parental history of hypertension showed a statistically significant increase in diastolic pressure and MAP compared to the other two groups probably due to hyperactive sympathetic nervous system because increase in adiposity significantly associated with increase in sympathetic tone. 12 Increased SNS activity leads to increase in the peripheral vasoconstriction resulting in the increased peripheral vascular resistance with rise in the diastolic blood pressure. Although several studies showed a normal range of blood pressure in the offspring of hypertension, 13 some studies reported a increased diastolic blood pressure in the offspring of hypertension.14
In our study the total power of the HRV spectrum was significantly reduced in both obese and non obese normotensives with parental history of hypertension when compared to the controls. Total power mainly reflects the vagal potency in the modulation of cardiovascular activity. 8 As the total power is reduced substantially in obese and non obese normotensive with parental history of hypertension suggested a suppressed vagal drive in the offspring of hypertensive.
Our study showed a decrease HF power in the offspring with parental history of hypertension. This decrease is apparent when HF power was expressed both in absolute values and in normalized units, as the normalization tends to minimize the effect of the changes in total power on the values of both HF. Actually HF component is a quantitative expression of cardiac vagal control. This study clearly suggests that there was a profound parasympathetic alteration mainly a decreased vagal drive in the offspring with parental history of hypertension. A report by Surekharani et al has also reveale...
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...siological process which is attributable to VLF component is still unknown.
In our study we have observed a increased LF/HF ratio in obese and non obese subjects with parental history of hypertension compared with the subjects without parental history of hypertension. Study done on obese and non obese healthy young Indian adults that LF and LF/HF ratio which measures the sympathovagal balance to heart was increased in obese reflecting an increase in sympathetic drive .7 LF-HF ratio is a most sensitive measure of sympathovagal balance. Increased in LF-HF ratio indicates sympathovagal imbalance, with increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity. In our study we found higher values of LF-HF ratio in obese with parental history of hypertension which indicates a more sympathetically driven cardiovascular system with depressed parasympathetic activity.
Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the variations in the intervals between heart beats (R waves) over time. The time between two consecutive R waves is termed the R-R interval; it is measured in milliseconds, and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system 1. HRV is a non-invasive method for interpreting autonomic nervous system modulation and provides information relating to each branch of the autonomic nervous system 2. Analysis of the beat to beat variability provides an insight into the relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system’s control of the heart 34. In healthy individuals it is now widely agreed that under normal resting conditions, a high HRV is an indicator that the parasympathetic pathway is dominant over the sympathetic pathway. Consequentially, a large number of various disease states for example, cardiovascular disease have been linked to a low HRV reflecting increased sympathetic activity at rest 5. Studies have reported that regular practice of physical activity improves ...
...dwin M, Parlow JL. Effects of low-intensity exercise conditioning on blood pressure, heart rate, and autonomic modulation of heart rate in men and women with hypertension. 2009 Oct; Vol. 11 (2), pp. 129-43. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Jan 15. Ebscohost. Available from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.elmhurst.edu/ehost/detail?sid=e45c21d6-7074-4dc5-8390-f4e832d5c470%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=19150992
High Blood Pressure is anything that alters in peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, or stroke volume that affects systematic arterial blood pressure. Long term effect of high blood pressure are serious and can cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Hypertension is another medical word that substitutes the meaning of high blood pressure. It is known as the “silent killer” because it does not create any symptoms. The most common reason for high blood pressure is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring in old age. Four control systems have a job in maintaining blood pressure. These are the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptors’ system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin- angiotensin system, and vascular autoregulation. Primary hypertension mostly occurs from a defect or malfunction in some or all of these
“Blood pressure is the measurement of blood going against blood vessels” (Causes). People can have naturally high or low blood pressure but the book normal is 120 over 80, but everyone has a different normal. When people become scared their blood pressure naturally goes up because of fight or flight response. When someone becomes scared or frightened the body starts to react. Those reactions are there to get your body ready to run or fight from danger (Fight-or-flight). There are three steps in the flight or fight and during those steps is when you blood pressure will increase. “When comparing women and men in flight or fight women blood pressure and heart rate increase more because the women are more likely to anticipate what will come next”(Women's).
Sympathetic pathways change nerve activity during times of stress, exercise, low blood glucose levels, excitement or fear, due to the flight or fight response. These changes can have an effect on homeostasis by increasing heart rate, increasing blood flow, dilating pupils, sweating, releasing glycogen, increasing oxygen intake and diverting blood flow away from the gastrointestinal tract.
Hypertension, known as high blood pressure, affects millions of people, including children, teenagers, and adults. Treatment of hypertension comes in many forms, which includes complete lifestyle and diet modifications (Hypertension: Overview & Facts, n.d.). High blood pressure can damage the heart, brain, and kidneys, without any noticeable symptoms. The effectiveness of case management can control hypertension and prevent the risks for further complications. The case managers can work with patients who have difficulties managing their blood pressure, through the use of medications, as well as self-care management, which includes the modification of lifestyle, and diet, as well as adequate exercise. Research as well as substantial evidence has shown that, individuals can reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease by lowering their blood pressure through lifestyle modifications, medications, or both.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) closely parallel the obesity and insulin resistance epidemic. Current U.S. estimates project 70 million obese adults and an additional 70 million with hypertension and/or type II diabetes (28, 42, 45). More so, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggest a graded and continuous relationship exists between prevalent hypertension and increasing body mass index (BMI); a metric that is closely associated with insulin resistance and self-identified type II diabetes (8, 34).
Hypertension, a complex multifactorial and polygenic disorder, is a major silent disease affecting young people because of their hereditary and modern lifestyles and it is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. 1 A positive parental history represents a major risk factor for future hypertension in normotensive offspring.2 Several studies have been conducted in the offspring of hypertensive to find the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Cultural, social, physical environments and high dietary intake of salt could further increase the tendency to become hypertensive.3 The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of essential arterial hypertension. Many offspring of hypertensive parents show early changes in their autonomic functions.4 Autonomic abnormality in the form of increased sympathetic tone and early attenuated parasympathetic activity has been demonstrated in young normotensive with parental history of hypertension.5 Another risk factor, obesity is a rapidly growing threat to the healthy population and it is on rise in our society due to socioeconomic developments leading to sedentary life style and faulty dietary habits.6 Weight gain in adolescence and in young adults is one of the potential risk factors for the subsequent development of hypertension. A study on Indian obese young adults demonstrates an autonomic dysregulation in obese subjects.7 A short term Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices offers a noninvasive, quantitative method of investigating autonomic effects on the heart.8
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a disease by which the force of the arteries raises the blood pressure in the body. The continuous elevation of the high blood pressure will ultimately lead to major health issues. Boedthjer & Aalkjaer (2013) states, "frequently described causes for hypertension involve changes in the kidneys, the resistance vasculature, and the autonomic nervous system" (p.1). Blood pressure is assessed by the strength of blood that depresses against the vessel walls. Consequently, an increase in an individual 's blood pressure will tighten the arteries and cause the heart to pump more blood.
...al conditions of cardiovascular disease that have been linked to obesity, including strokes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. All of these conditions can be improved or prevented by the individual losing ten percent of their body weight. Physical activity also plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that the greater the amount of physical activity, the less the chance for developing cardiovascular disease, even when other factors, such as Framingham’s scale, are accounted for. Regarding future research, a study further researching genetic and environmental links to cardiovascular disease would provide helpful information. Also, research studying the effects of physical activity after the onset of cardiovascular disease could be beneficial to determine if physical activity can improve patients’ conditions.
Hypertension is a disease that effects a third of all Americans (American Heart Association [AHA], 2013, p. 1). The American heart association expects the number of patients living with hypertension to continue to rise (AHA, 2013). Reversing this trend will be of vital importance to the health of our population. Several factors influence hypertension, including access to primary preventative care, the availability of medications, diet and exercise control, diet modifications, and self-care are required to mitigate the effects of persistent hypertension on the body.
According to Salinsky & Scott, almost 80 percent of obese adults have diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, high blood cholesterol levels, or osteoarthritis. High blood pressure is one of the most common health conditions related to obesity in men and women. Obese men and women are more than twice as likely to hav...
United States is considerably the number one most obese country and because of this, it is extremely vital for this to be one of the main reasons why we need to be dedicated with our body so we could be healthy. The cause of why a lot of people in the USA suffer from obesity can be because we are tempted to eat a lot of fast foods and/or food that is cost friendly and easily accessible. The focus of this article is to make everyone understand the importance of exercising and how much we need it. The Muscular Sympathetic Nervous system (MSNA) is responsible for up and down regulating in many homeostatic mechanisms within the human frame. MSNA works by accelerating the heart rate, constricting the blood vessels, as well as raising the blood pressure in the human body. Researchers have demonstrated on studies that exercise
The heart is a pump with four chambers made of their own special muscle called cardiac muscle. Its interwoven muscle fibers enable the heart to contract or squeeze together automatically (Colombo 7). It’s about the same size of a fist and weighs some where around two hundred fifty to three hundred fifty grams (Marieb 432). The size of the heart depends on a person’s height and size. The heart wall is enclosed in three layers: superficial epicardium, middle epicardium, and deep epicardium. It is then enclosed in a double-walled sac called the Pericardium. The terms Systole and Diastole refer respectively and literally to the contraction and relaxation periods of heart activity (Marieb 432). While the doctor is taking a patient’s blood pressure, he listens for the contractions and relaxations of the heart. He also listens for them to make sure that they are going in a single rhythm, to make sure that there are no arrhythmias or complications. The heart muscle does not depend on the nervous system. If the nervous s...
Once a person has produced numbers equivalent to high blood pressure it is necessary to get medical advice from a doctor. High blood pressure (HBP), also known as hypertension, is a consistently high force of blood pushing against the artery walls. As the heart beats, pressure is created to force blood throughout the blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries (in-text citation). When an individual develops hypertension is causes the heart and blood vessels to work even harder to get blood flowing throughout the body. LDL (bad) cholesterol forms plaque along tiny tears in the artery walls. As the plaque builds up it makes the inside of the artery walls smaller, allowing less blood to move through the walls which causes the blood pressure numbers to rise (in-text citation). Blood pressure numbers can be low or higher depending on the person’s lifestyle, however, people should constantly have updated results of their