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Essay on millenium development goals
Objectives of millennium development goals
What are the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals
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In 2000, the United Nations Secretary General proposed a plan to address many of the issues in the developing world. It was comprised of 8 goals, each with a set of distinct targets, called the Millennium Development Goals (55). These goals can be related to Neo-Malthusian views of population growth. Goal 1 was to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and had three specific targets. Target 2 was to increase access to decent and productive employment, especially for women who are usually excluded in this respect, and this represents the view of overcoming population growth through empowerment and development of women. This target was met in Eastern Asia, however, for Western Asia, Caucasus and Central Asia, there was poor progress or deterioration …show more content…
The first target of achieving equal girl 's enrolment in primary school was met by Eastern, South Eastern and Southern Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Caucasus and Central Asia (88). Target 2 of goal 3 was to increase women 's share of paid employment, and this target was met by Eastern Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Caucasus and Central …show more content…
It has also been found that woman with skilled jobs are 1.5 times more likely to use contraception than those not employed (70), and woman with high level jobs have less children across all ages than women who are unemployed (70)(72). Goal 2 was to achieve universal primary education (88), and is therefore strongly related to the woman and development view of neo-Malthusians. One study showed than when comparing primary educated woman to non-educated woman, primary education women had 17% less children (67). In addition, primary education can enable further education and empowerment of women through education has also been shown to be inversely related to the number of children born (73). Educated women are more likely to use contraception, have greater influence over fertility choices, have lower fertility preferences and engage in child space more than women with little or no education (67). Women who had secondary or higher education are found to have less children than woman with no education
Education is the most important in the critical rank for reducing gender inequalities. Women’s status socioeconomically has increased with the time change, but only because they have more means of entry to improved circumstances. Forms of gender inequality still exist in our society, even in the highly developed world. Sex-segregation
Educating the public about the importance of family planning is essential to reduce rapidly increasing birth rates. Human demographics have a profound effect on the population dynamics in both developed and developing nations. In more developed nations, there are significantly lower birth and death rates (Schneider). This would mean that the labor force of these nations is greatly limited. There is a risk of a bigger percentage of the elderly compared to the young generation. A higher older population undermines productivity, thereby inhibiting economic growth. In less developed nations, birth and death rates are high. Their economies struggle to maintain this high population. There is over-reliance on foreign aid. Labor is often transferred to the developed nations. The future of these nations is quite unpredictable (Das
"Global Partnership for Education." Girl's Education. N.p., 09 Oct 2013. Web. 19 Nov 2013. .
...n policy with the introduction of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) program, and show that “an additional year of schooling reduces the number of children born before age 25 by 0.26”. Similarly, an additional year in Schultz’s studies presented a fertility reduction of 13%. Schultz also affirms in his studies that family planning as well as other factors do not have a negative correlation with fertility as much as education does. Moreover, 13 out of 14 countries in a study done by Ainsworth et al. (1996) conform to the hypothesis of education reducing fertility. In addition any action taken that is related to education can have a noticeable impact on fertility. For example, providing free school uniforms for children in Kenya encouraged the girls to stay in school and actually reduced the fertility by 3% (from 14% to 11%) (Duflo, Deupas Kremer and Sinei, 2006).
In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared all acts of discrimination on the basis of sex unlawful. 31 years later, the Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the General Assembly. The CEDAW prompted an international document of the same name that advocates for the full incorporation of women in decision making capacities. It also “emphasis the civil rights, legal rights of women, reproductive roles and rights, impact of cultural factors on gender relations and barriers on advancement of women (World Bank, 2012). Moreover, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) outlined the most pervasive threats to global peace and security and set eight goals on how to eradicate them. These goals are referred to as Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 189 member states in 2000 vowed to “Promote gender equality and empower women” when they endorsed the UNDP’S MDG.
It would be helpful if the author mentioned this earlier and elaborate more on the education initiative for these girls. The concluding paragraph gives a general view of movement and history, but does not answer the “So What?” and “Why should anybody care?”
Unequal gender equality in this sphere perpetuate negative gender stereotypes that do not allow women to participate in other areas of society. Gendered social institutions, formal and informal laws, social norms and practices play a large role in maintaining the stereotypical norms within society because they “guide human behaviour and shape human interactions” (Bransia, Klasen, and Ziegler, 2013). For example, when a universal social norm in a country values male education over female girls are less likely to go to school when families have to chose between sending a son or a daughter. Therefore, female literacy rates will be lower in that country because girls have not been allowed the opportunity to go to school. These lower levels of literacy make it so that they are unable to gain meaningful employment in the economic sector, and up the the macro level cannot participate in the political sector by running for elected office because they do not have the same resources as males in their society. When gender inequality exists in social institutions a negative cycle is perpetuate, which expands to all areas of women’s participation in society. The negative outcome exists not only for women, but also for the whole society (Bransia et al, 2013). As discussed previously, women’s roles in economic and political areas benefits not just them, but society as a whole, and the same circumstance exists in social institutions. Improvements to economic and human development are positives aspects associated with gender equality in social institutions (Ferrant and Nowacke, 2015). Therefore, high gender equality in social institutions are associated with development outcomes, like the development of women’s rights in society. Since social institutions play a large role in guiding human behaviour and shaping human actions, when they support gender equality and
United Nations, (2013) the millennium development goals report 2013 [ONLINE] United Nations. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/mdgs-report-2013.html [Accessed on 26 December 2013]
Herz K and Sperling G., What Works in Girls' Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations. 2004. Print.
“Target 4.A: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate”(http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/childhealth.shtml) This goal is number four of eight total goals of the UN Millennium Goals that were established in 2000. The UN and leading world figures established these goals to address some of the major issues affecting underdeveloped countries. Child mortality rates need to be fixed because it is necessary to sustain the population in a country or area for future growth. Also it is important to reduce the child mortality rate so that cultures in different areas can be carried on in the future. It is sad to see a preventable problem that is so hard to fix.
The achievement of universal primary education (UPE is the second of the MDGs. It requires that every child enroll in a primary school and completes the full cycle of primary schooling. Every child in every country would need to be currently attending school for this to be achieved by 2015. Considerable progress has been made in this regard in many countries, particularly in encouraging enrolment into the first tier of schooling. Few of the world’s poorest countries have dramatically improved enrolments, restricted gender gaps and protracted opportunities for disadvantaged groups. Enrolments across South and West Asia (SWA) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), in particular flew by 23 percent and 51 percent respectively between 1999 and 2007. The primary education net enrolment rates (NER) increased at a much faster pace than in the 1990s and by 2007 rose at 86 percent and 73 percent respectively in these two regions. For girls, the NER rates in 2007 were a little lower at 84 percent and 71 percent respectively. The number of primary school-age children out-of school fell by 33 million at g...
...he second way to attempt to decrease the population is through increased active family planning programs. Especially in poor countries, it is a lot harder for women just to jump into the work force, and even harder for a poor country to become industrialized. For example, in Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest countries, birth rates have decreased from seven children per family to only 5.5. This is largely because forty percent of Bangladesh's woman now take part in some form of family planning.
...ds & Gelleny, 2007). Moreover, the status of women is independent on policy adjustments in developing countries. Governments in developing countries should organize an economically and political stable environment, to be economically attractive (Maxfield, 1998 as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Other critics state governments are forced to cut expenditures in education and social programs. This phenomenon especially affects women (Ayres and McCalla, 1997, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Since the public sector is one of the main employers of females, women are often the most disadvantaged by governmental efforts to cut expenditures in the public sector (Hemmati and Gardiner, 2004, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). As a result, women will become unemployed and unable to expanded education among themselves or their children. (Richards & Gelleny, 2007)
World Bank. Gender and Development Group. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals. 4 April 2003
Some of the goals are doing well, such as primary schooling. However the “reducing hunger by half” goal is not. The chart shows that two regions of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, have high hunger with only fair progress. The rest of the regions they included have moderate hunger with very little progress. This proves that the methods used to accomplish the MDGs were ineffective and insufficient (in text citation- progress chart). The fact that the Sustainable Development Goal pertaining to hunger includes food security, nutrition, and agriculture is an achievement in itself because “it acknowledges the crucial role played by food-based approaches to nutrition” (in text citation- Goal 2). Improvements in agriculture can ultimately lead to ending hunger because people will have access to more nutritious foods and farmers will be able to produce more food. The UN said the purpose of the Millennium Development Goals was “to shape a broad vision to fight poverty and combat numerous issues hampering development progress” (in text citation- chart). This claim is contradicting because the only goal regarding hunger was to reduce it by half. Perhaps one of the reasons this goal wasn’t fully accomplished was because the UN didn’t incorporate other components such as nutrition and agriculture into the Millennium